Motivation and Employees Essay

Motivation is the word derived from the word ’motive’ which means needs, desires, wants or drives within the individuals. It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals. In the work goal context the psychological factors stimulating the people’s behaviour can be – * desire for money * success * recognition * job-satisfaction * team work, etc| One of the most important functions of management is to create willingness amongst the employees to perform in the best of their abilities. Therefore the role of a leader is to arouse interest in performance of employees in their jobs. The process of motivation consists of three stages:- 1. A felt need or drive 2. A stimulus in which needs have to be aroused 3. When needs are satisfied, the satisfaction or accomplishment of goals. Therefore, we can say that motivation is a psychological phenomenon which means needs and wants of the individuals have to be tackled by framing an incentive plan. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Abraham Maslow is well renowned for proposing the Hierarchy of Needs Theory in 1943. This theory is a classical depiction of human motivation. This theory is based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of five needs within each individual. The urgency of these needs varies. These five needs are as follows- 1. Physiological needs- These are the basic needs of air, water, food, clothing and shelter. In other words, physiological needs are the needs for basic amenities of life. 2. Safety needs- Safety needs include physical, environmental and emotional safety and protection. For instance- Job security, financial security, protection from animals, family security, health security, etc. 3. Social needs- Social needs include the need for love, affection, care, belongingness, and friendship. 4. Esteem needs- Esteem needs are of two types: internal esteem needs (self- respect, confidence, competence, achievement and freedom) and external esteem needs (recognition, power, status, attention and admiration). 5. Self-actualization need- This include the urge to become what you are capable of becoming / what you have the potential to become. It includes the need for growth and self-contentment. It also includes desire for gaining more knowledge, social- service, creativity and being aesthetic. The self- actualization needs are never fully satiable. As an individual grows psychologically, opportunities keep cropping up to continue growing. According to Maslow, individuals are motivated by unsatisfied needs. As each of these needs is significantly satisfied, it drives and forces the next need to emerge. Maslow grouped the five needs into two categories – Higher-order needs and Lower-order needs. The physiological and the safety needs constituted the lower-order needs. These lower-order needs are mainly satisfied externally. The social, esteem, and self-actualization needs constituted the higher-order needs. These higher-order needs are generally satisfied internally, i.e., within an individual. Thus, we can conclude that during boom period, the employees lower-order needs are significantly met. Implications of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory for Managers | As far as the physiological needs are concerned, the managers should give employees appropriate salaries to purchase the basic necessities of life. Breaks and eating opportunities should be given to employees. | | As far as the safety needs are concerned, the managers should provide the employees job security, safe and hygienic work environment, and retirement benefits so as to retain them.| | As far as social needs are concerned, the management should encourage teamwork and organize social events.| | As far as esteem needs are concerned, the managers can appreciate and reward employees on accomplishing and exceeding their targets. The management can give the deserved employee higher job rank / position in the organization.| | As far as self-actualization needs are concerned, the managers can give the employees challenging jobs in which the employees’ skills and competencies are fully utilized. Moreover, growth opportunities can be given to them so that they can reach the peak.| The managers must identify the need level at which the employee is existing and then those needs can be utilized as push for motivation. Limitations of Maslow’s Theory * It is essential to note that not all employees are governed by same set of needs. Different individuals may be driven by different needs at same point of time. It is always the most powerful unsatisfied need that motivates an individual. * The theory is not empirically supported. * The theory is not applicable in case of starving artist as even if the artist’s basic needs are not satisfied, he will still strive for recognition and achievement. HERZBERG’S 2 FACTOR THEORY In 1959, Frederick Herzberg, a behavioural scientist proposed a two-factor theory or the motivator-hygiene theory. According to Herzberg, there are some job factors that result in satisfaction while there are other job factors that prevent dissatisfaction. According to Herzberg, the opposite of â€Å"Satisfaction† is â€Å"No satisfaction† and the opposite of â€Å"Dissatisfaction† is â€Å"No Dissatisfaction†. Herzberg classified these job factors into two categories- a. Hygiene factors- Hygiene factors are those job factors which are essential for existence of motivation at workplace. These do not lead to positive satisfaction for long-term. But if these factors are absent / if these factors are non-existant at workplace, then they lead to dissatisfaction. In other words, hygiene factors are those factors which when adequate / reasonable in a job, pacify the employees and do not make them dissatisfied. These factors are extrinsic to work. Hygiene factors are also called as dissatisfiers or maintenance factors as they are required to avoid dissatisfaction. These factors describe the job environment / scenario. The hygiene factors symbolized the physiological needs which the individuals wanted and expected to be fulfilled. Hygiene factors include: * Pay- The pay or salary structure should be appropriate and reasonable. It must be equal and competitive to those in the same industry in the same domain. * Company Policies and administrative policies- The company policies should not be too rigid. They should be fair and clear. It should include flexible working hours, dress code, breaks, vacation, etc. * Fringe benefits- The employees should be offered health care plans (mediclaim), benefits for the family members, employee help programmes, etc. * Physical Working conditions- The working conditions should be safe, clean and hygienic. The work equipments should be updated and well-maintained. * Status- The employees’ status within the organization should be familiar and retained. * Interpersonal relations-The relationship of the employees with his peers, superiors and subordinates should be appropriate and acceptable. There should be no conflict or humiliation element present. * Job Security- The organization must provide job security to the employees. b. Motivational factors- According to Herzberg, the hygiene factors cannot be regarded as motivators. The motivational factors yield positive satisfaction. These factors are inherent to work. These factors motivate the employees for a superior performance. These factors are called satisfiers. These are factors involved in performing the job. Employees find these factors intrinsically rewarding. The motivators symbolized the psychological needs that were perceived as an additional benefit. Motivational factors include: * Recognition- The employees should be praised and recognized for their accomplishments by the managers. * Sense of achievement- The employees must have a sense of achievement. This depends on the job. There must be a fruit of some sort in the job. * Growth and promotional opportunities- There must be growth and advancement opportunities in an organization to motivate the employees to perform well. * Responsibility- The employees must hold themselves responsible for the work. The managers should give them ownership of the work. They should minimize control but retain accountability. * Meaningfulness of the work- The work itself should be meaningful, interesting and challenging for the employee to perform and to get motivated. | | Limitations of Two-Factor Theory The two factor theory is not free from limitations: 1. The two-factor theory overlooks situational variables. 2. Herzberg assumed a correlation between satisfaction and productivity. But the research conducted by Herzberg stressed upon satisfaction and ignored productivity. 3. The theory’s reliability is uncertain. Analysis has to be made by the raters. The raters may spoil the findings by analyzing same response in different manner. 4. No comprehensive measure of satisfaction was used. An employee may find his job acceptable despite the fact that he may hate/object part of his job. 5. The two factor theory is not free from bias as it is based on the natural reaction of employees when they are enquired the sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction at work. They will blame dissatisfaction on the external factors such as salary structure, company policies and peer relationship. Also, the employees will give credit to themselves for the satisfaction factor at work. 6. The theory ignores blue-collar workers. Despite these limitat ions, Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory is acceptable broadly. Implications of Two-Factor Theory | The Two-Factor theory implies that the managers must stress upon guaranteeing the adequacy of the hygiene factors to avoid employee dissatisfaction. Also, the managers must make sure that the work is stimulating and rewarding so that the employees are motivated to work and perform harder and better. This theory emphasize upon job-enrichment so as to motivate the employees. The job must utilize the employee’s skills and competencies to the maximum. Focusing on the motivational factors can improve work-quality.| McGREGOR’S THEORY X & Y In 1960, Douglas McGregor formulated Theory X and Theory Y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals (employees): one of which is negative, called as Theory X and the other is positive, so called as Theory Y. According to McGregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals is based on various assumptions.Assumptions of Theory X * An average employee intrinsically does not like work and tries to escape it whenever possible. * Since the employee does not want to work, he must be persuaded, compelled, or warned with punishment so as to achieve organizational goals. A close supervision is required on part of managers. The managers adopt a more dictatorial style. * Many employees rank job security on top, and they have little or no aspiration/ ambition. * Employees generally dislike responsibilities. * Employees resist change. * An average employee needs formal direction.| Assumptions of Theory Y * Employees can perceive their job as relaxing and normal. They exercise their physical and mental efforts in an inherent manner in their jobs. * Employees may not require only threat, external control and coercion to work, but they can use self-direction and self-control if they are dedicated and sincere to achieve the organizational objectives. * If the job is rewarding and satisfying, then it will result in employees’ loyalty and commitment to organization. * An average employee can learn to admit and recognize the responsibility. In fact, he can even learn to obtain responsibility. * The employees have skills and capabilities. Their logical capabilities should be fully utilized. In other words, the creativity, resourcefulness and innovative potentiality of the employees can be utilized to solve organizational problems. Thus, we can say that Theory X presents a pessimistic view of employees’ nature and behaviour at work, while Theory Y presents an optimistic view of the employees’ nature and behaviour at work. If correlate it with Maslow’s theory, we can say that Theory X is based on the assumption that the employees emphasize on the physiological needs and the safety needs; while Theory X is based on the assumption that the social needs, esteem needs and the self-actualization needs dominate the employees. McGregor views Theory Y to be more valid and reasonable than Theory X. Thus, he encouraged cordial team relations, responsible and stimulating jobs, and participation of all in decision-making process. Implications of Theory X and Theory Y | Quite a few organizations use Theory X today. Theory X encourages use of tight control and supervision. It implies that employees are reluctant to organizational changes. Thus, it does not encourage innovation.| | Many organizations are using Theory Y techniques. Theory Y implies that the managers should create and encourage a work environment which provides opportunities to employees to take initiative and self-direction. Employees should be given opportunities to contribute to organizational well-being. Theory Y encourages decentralization of authority, teamwork and participative decision making in an organization. Theory Y searches and discovers the ways in which an employee can make significant contributions in an organization. It harmonizes and matches employees’ needs and aspirations with organizational needs and aspirations.| MOTIVATION INCENTIVES – INCENTIVES TO MOTIVATE EMPLOYEES Incentive is an act or promise for greater action. It is also called as a stimulus to greater action. Incentives are something which are given in addition to wagers. It means additional remuneration or benefit to an employee in recognition of achievement or better work. Incentives provide a spur or zeal in the employees for better performance. It is a natural thing that nobody acts without a purpose behind. Therefore, a hope for a reward is a powerful incentive to motivate employees. Besides monetary incentive, there are some other stimuli which can drive a person to better. This will include job satisfaction, job security, job promotion, and pride for accomplishment. Therefore, incentives really can sometimes work to accomplish the goals of a concern. The need of incentives can be many:- 1. To increase productivity, 2. To drive or arouse a stimulus work, 3. To enhance commitment in work performance, 4. To psychologically satisfy a person which leads to job satisfaction, 5. To shape the behavior or outlook of subordinate towards work, 6. To inculcate zeal and enthusiasm towards work, 7. To get the maximum of their capabilities so that they are exploited and utilized maximally. Therefore, management has to offer the following two categories of incentives to motivate employees:- 1. Monetary incentives- Those incentives which satisfy the subordinates by providing them rewards in terms of rupees. Money has been recognized as a chief source of satisfying the needs of people. Money is also helpful to satisfy the social needs by possessing various material items. Therefore, money not only satisfies psychological needs but also the security and social needs. Therefore, in many factories, various wage plans and bonus schemes are introduced to motivate and stimulate the people to work. 2. Non-monetary incentives- Besides the monetary incentives, there are certain non-financial incentives which can satisfy the ego and self- actualization needs of employees. The incentives which cannot be measured in terms of money are under the category of â€Å"Non- monetary incentivesâ⠂¬ . Whenever a manager has to satisfy the psychological needs of the subordinates, he makes use of non-financial incentives. Non- financial incentives can be of the following types:- a. Security of service- Job security is an incentive which provides great motivation to employees. If his job is secured, he will put maximum efforts to achieve the objectives of the enterprise. This also helps since he is very far off from mental tension and he can give his best to the enterprise. b. Praise or recognition- The praise or recognition is another non- financial incentive which satisfies the ego needs of the employees. Sometimes praise becomes more effective than any other incentive. The employees will respond more to praise and try to give the best of their abilities to a concern. c. Suggestion scheme- The organization should look forward to taking suggestions and inviting suggestion schemes from the subordinates. This inculcates a spirit of participation in the employees. This can be done by publishing various articles written by employees to improve the work environment which can be published in various magazines of the company. This also is helpful to motivate the employees to feel important and they can also be in search for innovative methods which can be applied for better work methods. This ultimately helps in growing a concern and adapting new methods of operations. d. Job enrichment- Job enrichment is another non- monetary incentive in which the job of a worker can be enriched. This can be done by increasing his responsibilities, giving him an important designation, increasing the content and nature of the work. This way efficient worker can get challenging jobs in which they can prove their worth. This also helps in the greatest motivation of the efficient employees. e. Promotion opportunities- Promotion is an effective tool to increase the spirit to work in a concern. If the employees are provided opportunities for the advancement and growth , they feel satisfied and contented and they become more committed to the organization. The above non- financial tools can be framed effectively by giving due concentration to the role of employees. A combination of financial and non- financial incentives help together in bringing motivation and zeal to work in a concern. Positive IncentivesPositive incentives are those incentives which provide a positive assurance for fulfilling the needs and wants. Positive incentives generally have an optimistic attitude behind and they are generally given to satisfy the psychological requirements of employees. For example-promotion, praise, recognition, perks and allowances, etc. It is positive by nature.Negative IncentivesNegative incentives are those whose purpose is to correct the mistakes or defaults of employees. The purpose is to rectify mistakes in order to get effective results. Negative incentive is generally resorted to when positive incentive does not works and a psychological set back has to be given to employees. It is negative by nature. For example- demotion, transfer , fines, penalties.| THE IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATION Motivation is a very important for an organization because of the following benefits it provides:- 1. Puts human resources into action Every concern requires physical, financial and human resources to accomplish the goals. It is through motivation that the human resources can be utilized by making full use of it. This can be done by building willingness in employees to work. This will help the enterprise in securing best possible utilization of resources. 2. Improves level of efficiency of employees The level of a subordinate or a employee does not only depend upon his qualifications and abilities. For getting best of his work performance, the gap between ability and willingness has to be filled which helps in improving the level of performance of subordinates. This will result into- a. Increase in productivity, b. Reducing cost of operations, and c. Improving overall efficiency. 3. Leads to achievement of organizational goals The goals of an enterprise can be achieved only when the following factors take place :- d. There is best possible utilization of resources, e. There is a co-operative work environment, f. The employees are goal-directed and they act in a purposive manner, g. Goals can be achieved if co-ordination and co-operation takes place simultaneously which can be effectively done through motivation. 4. Builds friendly relationship Motivation is an important factor which brings employees satisfaction. This can be done by keeping into mind and framing an incentive plan for the benefit of the employees. This could initiate the following things: h. Monetary and non-monetary incentives, i. Promotion opportunities for employees, j. Disincentives for inefficient employees. In order to build a cordial, friendly atmosphere in a concern, the above steps should be taken by a manager. This would help in: a. Effective co-operation which brings stability, b. Industrial dispute and unrest in employees will reduce, c. The employees will be adaptable to the changes and there will be no resistance to the change, d. This will help in providing a smooth and sound concern in which individual interests will coincide with the organizational interests, e. This will result in profit maximization through increased productivity. 1. Leads to stability of work force Stability of workforce is very important from the point of view of reputation and goodwill of a concern. The employees can remain loyal to the enterprise only when they have a feeling of participation in the management. The skills and efficiency of employees will always be of advantage to employees as well as employees. This will lead to a good public image in the market which will attract competent and qualified people into a concern. As it is said, â€Å"Old is gold† which suffices with the role of motivation here, the older the people, more the experience and their adjustment into a concern which can be of benefit to the enterprise. From the above discussion, we can say that motivation is an internal feeling which can be understood only by manager since he is in close contact with the employees. Needs, wants and desires are inter-related and they are the driving force to act. These needs can be understood by the manager and he can frame motivation plans accordingly. We can say that motivation therefore is a continuous process since motivation process is based on needs which are unlimited. The process has to be continued throughout. We can summarize by saying that motivation is important both to an individual and a business. Motivation is important to an individual as: 1. Motivation will help him achieve his personal goals. 2. If an individual is motivated, he will have job satisfaction. 3. Motivation will help in self-development of individual. 4. An individual would always gain by working with a dynamic team. Similarly, motivation is important to a business as: 1. The more motivated the employees are, the more empowered the team is. 2. The more is the team work and individual employee contribution, more profitable and successful is the business. 3. During period of amendments, there will be more adaptability and creativity. 4. Motivation will lead to an optimistic and challenging attitude at work place. Staff Motivation – Motivation Tips for Employees Employees are the building blocks of an organization. Organizational success depends on the collective efforts of the employees. The employees will collectively contribute to organizational growth when they are motivated. Below mentioned are some tips for motivating the staff / employees in an organization: Evaluate yourself- In order to motivate, encourage and control your staff’s behaviour, it is essential to understand, encourage and control your own behaviour as a manager. Work upon utilizing your strengths and opportunities to neutralize and lower the negative impact of your weaknesses and organizational threats. The manager should adopt the approach â€Å"You’re OK – I’m OK†. Be familiar with your staff- The manager should be well acquainted with his staff. The more and the better he knows his staff, the simpler it is to get them involved in the job as well as in achieving the team and organizational goals. This will also invite staff’s commitment and loyalty. A cordial superior-subordinate relationship is a key factor in job-satisfaction. Provide the employees certain benefits- Give your staff some financial and other benefits. Give them bonuses, pay them for overtime, and give them health and family insurance benefits. Make sure they get breaks from work. Let them enjoy vacations and holidays. Participate in new employees induction programme- Induction proceeds with recruitment advertising. At this point of time, the potential entrants start creating their own impressions and desires about the job and the organization. The manner in which the selection is conducted and the consequent recruitment process will either build or damage the impression about the job and organization. Thus, the manager must have a say in framing the advertisement and also in the selection and recruitment process. After the decision about the candidate is made, the manager must take personal interest in the selected joinee’s joining date, the family relocation issues, cost of removal, etc. Being observed by the new recruit and your entire team / staff to be involved completely, will ensure a persuasive entry in the organization. Provide feedback to the staff constantly- The staff members are keen to know how they are performing. Try giving a regular and constructive feedback to your staff. This will be more acceptable by the staff. Do not base the feedback on assumptions, but on facts and personal observations. Do not indulge in favouritism or comparing the employee with some one else. Sit with your staff on daily or weekly basis and make sure that feedback happens. This will help in boosting employee’s morale and will thus motivate the staff. Acknowledge your staff on their achievements- A pat on the back, some words of praise, and giving a note of credit to the employee / staff member at personal level with some form of broad publicity can motivate the staff a lot. Make it a point to mention the staff’s outstanding achievements in official newsletters or organization’s journal. Not only acknowledge the employee with highest contribution, but also acknowledge the employee who meets and over exceeds the targets. Ensure effective time management- Having control over time ensures that things are done in right manner. Motivate your staff to have â€Å"closed† times, i.e., few hours when there are no interruptions for the staff in performing their job role so that they can concentrate on the job, and â€Å"open† times when the staff freely communicate and interact. Plan one to one sessions of interaction with your staff where they can ask their queries and also can get your attention and, thereby, they will not feel neglected. This all will work in long run to motivate the staff. Have stress management techniques in your organization- Create an environment in which you and your staff can work within optimum pressure levels. Ensure an optimistic attitude towards stress in the workplace. Have training sessions on stress management, and ensure a follow-up with group meetings on the manner stress can be lowered at work. Give your staff autonomy in work. Identify the stress symptoms in employees and try to deal with them. Smile often- Smiling can have a tremendous effect on boosting the morale of the staff. A smiling superior creates an optimistic and motivating work environment. Smiling is an essential component of the body language of confidence, acceptance and boldness. Smile consistently, naturally and often, to demonstrate that you feel good and positive about the staff who works for you. It encourages new ideas and feedback from the staff. The staff does not feel hesitant and threatened to discuss their views this way. Listen effectively- Listening attentively is a form of recognizing and appreciating the person who is talking. Reciprocal / Mutual listening develops cordial and healthy personal relationships on which the employee / staff development rests. If the managers do not listen attentively to the subordinates, the morale of the subordinates lowers down and they do not feel like sharing their ideas or giving their views. Effective listening by the manager boosts up the employees’ morale and thus motivates them. Ensure effective communication- In order to motivate your staff, indulge in effective communication such as avoid using anger expressions, utilize questioning techniques to know staff’s mindset and analysis rather than ordering the staff what to do, base your judgements on facts and not on assumptions, use relaxed and steady tone of voice, listen effectively and be positive and helpful in your responses. Share your views with the staff. Develop and encourage creativity- The staff should be encouraged to develop the creativity skills so as to solve organizational problems. Give them time and resources for developing creativity. Let them hold constant brainstorming sessions. Invite ideas and suggestions from the staff. They may turn out to be very productive. Don’t be rigid. Be flexible- Introduce flexibility in work. Allow for flexible working hours if possible. Let the employees work at home occasionally if need arises. Do not be rigid in accepting ideas from your staff. Stimulate flexible attitudes in the employees who are accountable to you by asking what changes they would like to bring about if given a chance. Adopt job enrichment- Job enrichment implies giving room for a better quality of working life. It means facilitating people to achieve self-development, fame and success through a more challenging and interesting job which provides more promotional and advancement opportunities. Give employees more freedom in job, involve them in decision-making process, show them loyalty and celebrate their achievements Respect your team- Respect not only the employees’ rights to share and express their views, and to be themselves, but their time too. This will ensure that the employees respect you and your time. Make the staff feel that they are respected not just as employees / workers but as individuals too.

Marc Antony’s Soliloquy: An Analysis

My transformation of the Shakespearean text employs many different grammatical features to create an effective, modern version of Marc Antony’s soliloquy. Features such as nominalisation, paragraphing and abstract noun groups are a few of the features used. My transformation is suitable for modern audiences, using both language and people that today’s society is familiar with. My transformed version of the soliloquy uses many grammatical techniques and features to make it as interesting and grammatically correct as possible, whilst making it a piece of writing that people today are used to reading and/or hearing. Nominalisation is an important grammatical feature, which allows you to increase the levels of linguistic complexity as the text becomes more abstract, through leaving out the action of the nominalised verb. Words like ability, possibly and determination are all examples of nominalisation, and give more meaning into a sentence without needing to make the sentence longer than necessary. Overall, this gives the text as a whole more depth and meaning. The paragraphing used sets out the different ideas being introduced into the text, organising them into different paragraphs where all the ideas flow together. Sentence structures tie together the text, ensuring that ideas flow and it is more interesting for the reader. Using different sentence types, like compound and complex, mixes up the text a bit and keeps readers engaged as they continue to read the text. Obviously, people are more likely to continue to read something if they are interested in it, and I wanted my speech to engage readers and listeners. Clause combinations help to set out and organise ideas nicely, using different types of sentences to again create interest. I have used abstract noun groups to involve the listeners in the text, letting them connect with the speech through them using their pre-conceived ideas of what the words mean. Abstract nouns, being things that you can’t actually see or touch, means that listeners have to substitute in what their meaning of the word is, therefore making them think about the text more. I wanted my speech to make people think, and the use of abstract nouns helps to achieve that. Abstract noun groups such as ‘kind-hearted and generous, strong willed and fair’ are examples of this. When I first started the modern version, I had in my mind a clear image of what I wanted it to be like. With using the different techniques and features, I believe I’ve reached my idea of what I wanted. One of the hardest things that I was faced with when I started to re-write the soliloquy was who to write about, and who’s perspective to write from. After a lot of thought, I finally decided on Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair. I thought that it would be a good fit, for numerous reasons. Both Caesar and Thatcher were controversial people. Both had their lovers and their haters, and there was never really an in between. They were both major political figures of their time, and had large effects on their society during their rein. Not only did I feel they shared many similarities, but I’ve always been interested in Thatcher. It seems that both Caesar and Thatcher were very strong-willed, and knew exactly what they wanted. In Antony’s speech, he was mainly paying tribute to Caesar, and I knew that a figure such as Tony Blair would do the same for Thatcher. Having both speeches set at a funeral made sure that similarities were kept, same as the references to ‘after a person dies, the bad is remembered and the good forgotten’. Whilst I tried as much as I could to modernise the text, I tried to keep it quite formal. This is obviously because the speech is being performed by an ex-Prime Minister at another ex-Prime Minister’s funeral, which is quite the formal occasion. In the Shakespearean version, Antony talks about how Brutus says that Caesar is an honourable man, but he believes differently. In my version, Blair speaks about how many people often loathed Thatcher. In this, I have both similarities and differences. The language I have used is more modern, employing slang and generally newer ways of speaking. Overall, I’m very happy with my transformation of the Shakespearean text. The different grammatical features used has made the soliloquy very effective. My version is suitable for modern readers, and follows the basic storyline the original soliloquy uses.

Chinese in London Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chinese in London - Essay Example The author of the paper tells that Britain promotes cultural connections with many countries through the use of cultural festivals and events. This is particularly prevalent in terms of Chinese culture. The interest that Britain people in general have towards China and the Chinese culture can be seen in the dramatic increase of people learning Chinese within Britain. There are close to 100,000 people throughout the United Kingdom who are learning to speak Chinese through language classes. One explanation for this interest is the focus that Britain has placed on Chinese culture. This interest in the culture and history of China has continued to grow among United Kingdom citizens. This evaluation will consider the China in London cultural festival that occurs annually around the time of the Chinese New Year. The festival is an example of the celebration and teaching of the values of one culture within another. In this case, the annual festival is continuing to grow, driven by an increa sing interest in aspects of Chinese culture. There are many different aspects to this festival, including a variety of events, exhibitions and concerts. For London residents who have a Chinese heritage, the event provides a way to express cultural pride. Additionally, China in London makes use of many Chinese people and groups from China itself, forming and maintaining relationships between the two countries. The process of organising and planning the event each year is a substantial logistical effort involving a large amount of long-distance communication and coordination. The festival lasts approximately a week, beginning with the lighting of Chinese lanterns, which occurs in Oxford Circus. The final component of the cultural event is a celebration of the Chinese New Year. This occurs at Trafalgar Square, and consists of a large number of performances and events. The exact dates of the festival are different each year, but they generally centre on the dates of the Chinese New Year . For example, in 2010, the festival ran from February 14 to February 21, where February 14 was the official date of the Chinese New Year. China in London is a celebration of values and traditions that are an ingrained part of Chinese culture, but are not well recognised in the Western world. It is now considered to be the largest celebration of the Chinese New Year outside of China. This case study considers the China in London festival, with particular reference to the 2009 and 2010 festivals. Theme One: Globalisation and the visitor experience The world continues to grow more globalised, with travel between countries becoming commonplace, and many aspects of different cultures intermingling with one another.

Evaluation and comparison of the marketing strategies of the two Essay

Evaluation and comparison of the marketing strategies of the two global companies P&G and Nestle - Essay Example Therefore, these three efficient tools of marketing will help to analyse overall marketing strategies of the two selected companies. Marketing strategy reflects the overall efficiency of a brand in the market in terms of demand of the products in the target market. It is one of the important areas of a business which drives the market demand and brand value of overall brand in the market. Nestle and P&G are two leading multinational FMCG companies which have been developing and implementing effective marketing strategies. Innovative marketing strategies by these brands create a benchmark in the market with their competitors. Through, both of these two companies operate in the same sector but there is substantial difference in main focused areas of business of these two companies. Main business of Nestle is confectionary food business whereas P&G’s focused area is beauty and household products. ... In terms of revenue and market, Nestle is the largest confectionary and notional food company in the world. The company has successfully developed a diversified portfolio of different popular brands. Major categories of products are starting from breakfast cereals, baby food, dairy products, bottled water, coffee confectionary, snacks, ice cream and pet foods. To compete with the regional competitors in foreign markets, the company has established production units in most of the foreign markets. It helps the company to offer competitive market price of its products. Nestle has developed 450 production units in 86 foreign countries. Demand of the Nestle product is so high that $1.1 billion revenue comes from only 29 brands. These brands include Kitkat, Nespresso, Nesquik, Nescafe, Smarties, Magi, Vittel etc. Nestle holds a large stake on world’s largest beauty product brand in terms of revenue and market share i.e. L’Oreal. Nestle has been followed acquisition aggressive strategy for rapid diversification into many foreign markets. The company holds the first position as world’s most profitable company in Fortune Global 500. The company currently has more than $200 billion market share and it helped the company to achieve FT Global 2011 ranking as 13th position. P&G Procter & Gamble is of the largest multinational fast moving consumer goods company in the world. It is a US based company headquartered in Ney York Stock Exchange. The company has successfully developed a large portfolio of diversified brands of different product ranges. Each of the brands holds wide numbers of products, most of that are very much popular in global market. P&G generated $82.6 billion revenue according annual report of 2011. The company ranked fifth position in the list of

Entrapment by Government Agents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entrapment by Government Agents - Essay Example Throughout the two and a half years, the government has been pestering Jacobson, to the point of almost forcing him to commit a crime. The fictitious organizations that have been sending him mails and surveys seem to be wanting to pin him down. The government was trying to lure him to commit the crime by informing him that censorship was infringing on his rights and sexual freedom. Jacobson is an innocent victim of entrapment by the government. The information about pornography and other illicit sexual activities were being fed to Jacobson, flaunted right into his mail box. The government did not give him a choice but to participate in the surveys and be a member of the phony organizations. Instead of trying to trap him, the government should have gone after the real offenders, those who do not need any persuasion from them to commit the crime. The Supreme Court defined entrapment in this case by stating that â€Å"if the defendant before contact with law enforcement officers or their agents did not have any intent or disposition to commit the crime charged and was induced or persuaded by law enforcement officers or their agents to commit the crime, then he was entrapped† (What constitutes entrapment by government agents?, 1992). Yes, one agrees with the definition of the Supreme Court. One believes that to prove that there is entrapment, two factors must be considered which was captured in the definition of the Supreme Court. The first is that the defendant was induced by the government to commit the crime. The second factor is the matter of whether the defendant is predisposed to commit the crime, given the fact that he was induced inappropriately to commit the

Domestic Violence During Pregnancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Domestic Violence During Pregnancy - Essay Example Domestic Violence during Pregnancy Introduction Like many other problems that people face across the world, there must be a reason to why domestic violence happens in various homes. Domestic violence as amongst serious problem that are common in many homes, leads to the occurrence of other problems, which have negative impacts on family members, especially the mother and children (Hester, 2007). This discussion will consider the causes domestic violence, the impacts of domestic violence on both pregnant women and the unborn or newborn babies, and the prevention measures for domestic violence. Overview People have acknowledged domestic violence as among the most severe problems to the health of married women. However, pregnant women experience more impacts from domestic violence than normal women do because of a number of complications due to pregnancy. According to the Center for Disease Control, domestic violence during pregnancy refers to sexual, physical, emotional violence that p regnant women experience, especially from their husbands (Huth-Bocks, Levendosky, & Bogat, 2010). Research has shown that pregnant women have a higher likelihood of experiencing physical violence from their husbands than normal women do. Domestic violence harms women more than other problems, such as hypertension, diabetes, and other serious health complications do. It has serious effects on both infant and maternal health because injury to the breasts, genitals, and abdomen are common during pregnancy. Therefore, domestic violence is a significant factor that leads to high proportions of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. Commonly, domestic violence during pregnancy can lead to fetal fractures, placental separation, prenatal hemorrhage, preterm labor, and rupture of the uterine walls. Domestic violence can indirectly affect the health of the pregnant mother and her unborn baby negatively because the mother can eat well as well or seek antenatal care (Estrellado, 2010). Nursing care considerations related to domestic violence assessment Domestic violence during pregnancy has become a severe problem, which affects both social and public health. Therefore, advanced practice physicians and nurses who help in providing the prenatal care play a vital role in identifying, diagnosing, and treatment for pregnant mothers facing domestic violence. In a number of hospitals, physicians and nurses are screening expectant mothers for domestic violence during the time of delivery, which is usually late for screening because in most cases, domestic violence takes place earlier (Estrellado, 2010). It is significant to for health institutions to implement a plan of screening expectant women during the prenatal visits, and give them necessary interventions. Such interventions include education about domestic violence and providing the expectant mothers with information on local resources like domestic violence centers and shelters. Expectant women should obtain a nu mber of resources, such as shoe cards and Domestic Violence Survivor’s Guide from health institutions (Estrellado, 2010). The shoe cards bear the phone numbers and names of the local agencies that are resourceful to domestic violence victims. These cards also bear information concerning safety measures. Domestic

Kanz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Kanz - Essay Example It is the welfare of economic security, physical health, and emotional comfort of the people residing in the society. People have become very much concerned about the environmental impact and social responsibilities. They prefer taking services from those organisations that plays a significant role in the development of the society. Therefore in the present time it has become mandatory for the organization to experience and deliver various social welfare services. Kanz plays an important role in performing different social welfare activities for the society. The company puts immense effort in helping its organizational members to increase their effectiveness and efficiency in their work. Kanz is a leading brand of kids wear in Germany. The organization was founded in 1949. It is present in more than 35 countries of the world. The company sells designer collections of fashionable clothes for children of 0-12 years. Kanz is famous for its different style of clothes characterised with various themes, patterns and colours. This fashion company maintain a separate story for each style of clothes. The company considers the need of both mother and child in its product. The company manufactures products which are easy to wear, easy to use and compatible. Kanz does many other charitable programs for helping the poor children. Its charitable efforts contribute a lot in the welfare of the society. The organization takes a huge initiative in developing t he health care issues of the children. The company provides different types of training to its employees who help in enhancing the skills of the employees (Boxall, Purcell and Wright 2007). This type of social welfare has a huge contribution in developing the society. Kanz takes part in different types of social awareness program. Social collaborative service of the firm wider its welfare activities. The company makes donations in different child care centres. Kanz is involved in the business of children clothing. Therefore

Comparative Cybercrime Laws Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Comparative Cybercrime Laws - Research Paper Example To start with, the "global village" or the increased globalization of world trade, involving the need to engage in commerce with nations with unfamiliar legal systems. For another thing, the codification of multilateral associations like the European Union, the African Union, or the Arab League has demanded harmonization of laws of their member states. Moreover, there are publications and Internet resources that assemble legal materials from several jurisdictions, without necessarily undertaking comparisons, but they can be seen as "tools of the trade" for comparative lawyers (Norman 2006). Over the last 100 years, comparative law has emancipated into several distinct branches such as comparative criminal law, comparative tax laws, comparative civil law, comparative administrative law, comparative trade laws, comparative commercial law, comparative cyber laws, Comparative Intellectual Property Law, comparative constitutional law, and comparative constitutional law. According to the prevalent view, Montesquieu is regarded as the 'father' of comparative law. His comparative approach is obvious in the following excerpt from Chapter III of Book I of his masterpiece, De l'esprit des lois: They should be in relation to the climate of each country, to the quality of its soil, to its situation and extent, to the principal occupation of the natives, whether husbandmen, huntsmen, or shepherds: they should have relation to the degree of liberty which the constitution will bear; to the religion of the inhabitants, to their inclinations, riches, numbers, commerce, manners, and customs." Also, in Chapter XI (entitled 'How to compare two different Systems of Laws') of Book XXIX, he advises that 'to determine which of those systems [i.e. the French and English systems for the punishment of false witnesses] is most agreeable to reason, we must take them each as a whole and compare them in their entirety.' Yet another excerpt where Montesquieu's comparative approach is evident is the following one from Chapter XIII of Book XXIX: 'As the civil laws depend on the political institutions, because they are made for the same society, whenever there is a design of adopting the civil law of another nation, it would be proper to examine beforehand whether they have both the same institutions and the same political law.' Applicability of the Comparative Concepts The applicability of comparative concepts is still an open question posed to the discipline of comparative law. Comparative concepts are concepts that are applied in micro-comparative research. They provide with criteria on the basis of which the rules of different legal systems may be compared.

Psychological Testing and Assessment of Adolescents Paper Research

Psychological Testing and Assessment of Adolescents - Research Paper Example Some educators have used intelligence assessment results to separate slow learners from quick learners. The technique has been effective in moderating educational materials for the different learners, with slow learners having longer lessons and more learning materials. Extra learning materials enable slow learners opportunity to get information from different sources, which strengthen understanding. Assessments involving achievement tests have proved practical tools for shaping school curricula. Achievement tests for learners come at the end of a course or a given level of education. The assessments help in determining the level of accomplishment of students, and comparing the results with expectations in the outside social and economic spectra (Ployhart & MacKenzie, 2011). The outcomes of such assessments guide curricular planners to analyze relevance of certain educational items. Where assessment outcomes in achievement tests are low, then it becomes compulsory for curricular planners to refine educational contents to fit expectations. Assessments in education have also been useful in determining admission of students into learning institutions, and promoting learners to different levels of education. Common assessments are in the form of class tests, and term and yearly examinations. Educators also use assessments to measure the extents the extents of transfer of knowledge to learners. The undertaking is usually in the form of questions during learning, and checklists used to mark performance of students in various subject contents. According to Cohen, Swerdlik and Sturman (2013), measures of general achievement are techniques for surveying learning in more than one academic area. General achievement measures classify learning areas in certain broad subsets. The most common subsets are reading, arithmetic, spelling and comprehension reading. The subsets have a

Billy Queen Essay Example for Free

Billy Queen Essay â€Å"Under and Alone† by Billy Queen is an interesting and illustrative book that tries to provide an in-depth analysis of an undercover life. The underlying theme of this book is to illustrate the difficulties of the personnel of law enforcement agencies and how they put their life in dangers for the betterment of the society. The ultimate purpose of this book to realize people of the sacrifices that law-enforcement make to keep them secure. Bill queen narrates the moral, social and ethical dilemmas and other related pathos of an undercover agent. He further points out how an undercover agent had to change his identity to achieve his goals and this identity change sometime changes the psychological patterns and habitual formations of the agent and he starts thinking to resemble himself with outlaw personalities and phenomenon. Billy Queen is one such agent who after military service in Veitnam joins the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. He serves in various undercover positions in his career that spans over sixteen years but his entry into the South Californian chapter of the famous American gang Mongols (he calls them as â€Å"a tight-knit collective of crazies, unpredictable and unrepentant badasses) is the most prominent and dangerous part of his life. Mongols is a larger group with twenty chapters all across America with a headcount of 350 indulged in various activities such as murders, drug and arms trafficking, stealing motorcycles etc. in several states. The book does not look into the activities of the Mongol gang only but also provides an insight into the motives of such activities. Billy Queen discloses the fact that the motives for the formation of the gang was not looting and plundering but it was formed by the veterans of WWII who after the end of war was hankering after a life of adventures that could inflate a war lifestyle. Another important aspect of the book is that it presents the psychological conflict in the personality of undercover agents as they have to indulge in activities that they abhor and fight against in their real life. Billy Queen suffers from the same ambivalent personality as he has to perform evil act to win the confidence of the gang. Manifestation of this wickedness and fulfilling the demands of the gang blurs his own identity and changes his thinking and he starts considering himself as Billy St. John. Hew describes that he participated in gang activities life purchasing and selling narcotics, doing arms trafficking etc. but avoided such activities like rape, murder and dope taking at all costs. These activities form the main plot of the story but the most intense and interesting episodes of the story are related to Billy’s effort to thwart the pernicious activities. Billy’s style is intense as his humanity was at stake. The crux of the matter is that he never sacrificed duty at the altar of any hurdles, even his humanity. The duration of Billy’s activities as a undercover agent (almost 28 months) is an important factor that make us realizes the height of Billy’s contribution as he was totally cut off from all the social ties i. e. family, friends, colleagues etc. But he provides another facet of the story that the grave criminal activities, they (members of Mongol) use to share a genuine camaraderie and during his prolonged undercover, he use to enjoy the love and carte of gangsters. He says in this regard that â€Å"I had no doubt these guys genuinely loved Billy St. John and would have laid down their lives for him. But they wouldnt hesitate to murder Billy Queen. † But he succeeds in escaping from this tough life and with an accomplished mission as finally he triumphs in collecting evidence that dispatched eighteen Mongols to federal prison.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Television in Society

Advantages and Disadvantages of Television in Society Today, television is one of the greatest creations of mankind as well as one of the most significant mass media in this world. Every family has at least one television at home. Watching it has become the essential part in our daily life. This is mainly because it is not just an entertainment device but a powerful tool to connect with outside world and the happenings around us. The amount of time people is spending in front of television is awful; on average, individuals spend three hours a day to sit in front of television (Ruskin, 2002). Indeed, television can teach us about the new things but at the same time, it can be misused by mankind also. As a result, this essay is going to explore both the beneficial and harmful effects of television towards the society in this modern time. Different types of television programs Having said this, the main purposes of television are to provide information to users, entertainment, and advertisement (eCheat.com, 2007). There are many types of television programs today; one of them is news and weather forecasts. Basically, news should perform in the following four main functions to the community i.e. latest, educational, opinion making, and entertainment functions (Media Awareness Network, 2010). Its primary purpose is to provide reliable information and connect the worldwide happenings to its readers. Other type of television program is the live broadcasts. Audience can access to the events such as festival celebration, opening ceremony, and winning awards on the spot without any delay in transmission. Furthermore, some entertainment programs such as dramas, sports, and cartoons are to entertain the viewers. Those funny parts in cartoons might give viewers some kind of relaxation and laugh. Occasionally, certain parts in drama can also teach us to become more alert in the cautious situation. Moreover, there are also a lot of school education programs that broadcast in television nowadays. In fact, television can be a good source of education as long as children find the right programs. They can choose the showing courses that interest them and at the same time, improve on their learning loops. In addition, through the documentary channel one can broaden their knowledge in terms of understand the results in processing and figuring out on others living behaviours and cultures in a deeper way. On another hand, advertisement is also a form of television program that communicate a specific product or service to end users (Nawathe, Gawande Dethe, 2007). It promotes and introduces us the new innovations and products. Therefore, it is a tool for moving the economy forward. The power of television Television has plenty of channels with different topics. These programs keep us informed of all current affairs in the world. Events through television are going to be more vivid than those through magazines and newspapers (Oppapers.com 2010). Moreover, it allows us to express message with picture, sound, and movements, which can give the business, product, or service an instant accessibility (Allbusiness.com, 2010). Even if we avoid watching them, we are constantly influenced by them (Potter 2010). Therefore, television became a very important and influential part of culture in our daily life. Besides that, television can reach much wider audience coverage than local newspapers and radio stations (Allbusiness.com, 2010). Television has shrunk the distance of the world that one can watch what is happening several thousand miles away from us. It is also a good source of entertainment which is very cheap within the access of every one. So in totality it is information from all over the world, and it is fun and enjoyment with convenience (Ziemkowska, 2007). For example, we watch the news from the whole world, the news on hand is realistic and keeps us aware of both locally and internationally happenings around us. Additionally, television has huge source of information and be able to enrich our knowledge in many ways. Some television programs such as cooking and learning courses introduce us the new knowledge and new method of doing things. Hence, one can become skilful at doing jobs, making cakes, and cooking through practical courses taught on television (Oppapers.com, 2010). In referring to this point, one can learn new stuffs, and probably can become rich, beautiful, and popular through television (Hubpages.com, 2010). Moreover, television is also a source of recreation (Oppapers.com, 2010). For example, the funny programs could bring us minutes of relaxation after a hard days work. Numerous people consider television as a good escape from all difficulties of everyday life. In addition, one can have a weather forecast and plan several things accordingly before hand. Of course, there are also some good advertisements on television. Social advertising is a very good example of positive ads. For example, the soap companies such as Dettol and Lifebuoy provoke children to stay clean at all times. Moreover, brushing twice a day was a marketing strategy for more usage of that product but they do encourage children on keeping their teeth clean and healthy (Nawathe, Gawande Dethe, 2007). The limitations of television viewing Apart from its advantages, however, television could bring a lot of cons to viewers too. Television is seemed to be a bad influence in today world (eCheat.com 2007). People who were sat in front of a television early in life grow up to be socially crippled, thus unable to handle the real life social situations; and sometimes even violent (Potter, 2010). Many scientists have been studying the effects of television for decades; they generally focus on whether watching violence on it correlates with being violent in real life (Ruskin 2002). This is where watching too many stupid movies and shows, some may think that it is normal that they commit a crime and would not be punished. In the films, the murderers can escape away and never be caught. For example, many bank robbers live happy lives after robbing much money. Besides that, many heroes are still surviving, even if they were shot by a gun. Television thus creates the very fake image of the world to society, especially the children and teenagers. This may make people want to become criminals (Hubpages.com, 2010). In particular, the purpose of advertisement is to influence on the consumers buying pattern (Nawathe, Gawande Dethe, 2007). Indeed, advertisement is probably one of the most influential items in television program (eCheat.com, 2007). If the ad is good enough to attract the group, they will probably go and buy the product in hopes of reaching the same perfection (Wow Essays, 2004). Taking sport ad for an example, Nike is accused of implying their shoes will provide a consumer athletic ability. As a result, children are going to want the same pair in order to become as their idol (Wow Essays, 2004). According to that issue, fast food industry is another great example of bad advertisement influence in people consuming habits (eCheat.com, 2007). Nawathe, Gawande Dethe (2007) pointed out that those advertisements with soft drinks, burgers, pizzas, and other fast foods can have negative impacts on the childrens health. Fast food chains often target at children and teenagers. To make the situation even worst, these products yet advertised during the childrens programs. This is where it shaped into the next issue, due to sitting long hours in front of television and computer every day, they are probably not exercising, thus fast food habits may lead to obesity. Furthermore, children aged anywhere between 3-17 years is now suffered from diabetes. Please be aware that watching too much of television can harm our eyes and nerves also. Moving forward, several advertisements today show smokers, sexuality, and strange images for the teens. Because of these ads, teens may be encouraged to do inappropriate stuff during their teenage life (Hubpages.com 2010). This has made a cause for great public concern too (Hubpages.com, 2010). Conclusion In short, parents should provide proper guidance on age-appropriate use of all media, especially the television and the Internet. Personally, I think that in this fractured media environment today, the rise of television and Internet usage is most pressure on todays people, especially the teenagers and children. They are attracted to those commercial sites because young people are more adaptive and more open to new invent technologies than adults. However, marketing to young people raises a series of ethical issues. Government should come out multiple sets of regulations in order to control against the marketing activities targeted at them. Besides that, government should also implement appropriate food laws in order to control over the unhealthy food advertisements on television. On another hand, which is more relevant, such positive social advertisements should indulge because the impact to society is enormous. Taken as a whole, it is vital that all of us must aware of what the sho ws and commercial ads that trying to sell us. We should keep our eyes open and beware of the danger and fake information they feed us at all times. [1489 words]

When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision and In Search of Our Mothe

  Ã‚  Ã‚   Women.   Adrienne Rich says we have our work cut out for us.   Alice Walker says we could do so much given the artistic chance.   Patricia Williams says that we are not sleeping.   I listen and relate to these women.   And I wonder what do I say?   I am a woman.   I don't know what it means for me to be a woman.   I just am.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be Insatiable.   Be insatiable and still a woman.   Stand for your beliefs, be a bitch and yet stay soft and sexy and agreeable.   I feel like a lousy commercial for some perfume, "I can bring home the bacon, fry it up in the pan, and never let you forget you're a man, because I'm a woman."   I am caught in the crossfire of who I am and who I ought to be according to everybody else.   Is this what Williams' dream at the end of her essay was about? The red dress, the hair and she is loud.   She is the "her that she had always dreamed of being, fascinating."   What I find "Fascinating" is that even she is watching herself from the outside.   I do this.   I watch myself play each role.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am not black, or Hispanic.   I am heterosexual.   I want to be a wife.   I want to be a mother.   I can look at society and see myself staring back at me, white, Christian and content.   Does this make me unqualified to read and understand the meanings in the texts of Alice Walker, of Gloria Anzaldua?   What about Adrienne Rich?   These women have stared into the face of society and they are not reflected.   But I do relate.   Sometime I feel like the silent minority within the majority.   The one that thinks and feels and understands and yet is overlooked, ignored.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I feel ignored because of the majority view that the because of the majority view that the minority has.   I hear about the "Mormon" in this area, the ... ...s the words of her fascinating self say, "Voices lost in the chasm speak from the slow eloquent fact of the chasm.   They speak and speak and speak, like flowing water" and she wakens strong, single hearted and completely refreshed.   Florida Scott Card said" you do not need to claim all the events in your life to make them yours, but when you do, you are fierce with reality."   It is not always easy o reality."   It is not always easy or notable to be a woman.   Being a woman speaks from the chasm, it speaks from the walls, and it speaks from voices within, some chiding some soothing, like flowing water.    Works Cited Rich, Adrienne.   "When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision,"in Ways of Reading, 4th ed., (Boston: Bedford Books, 1996). Walker, Alice.   "In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens," in Ways of Reading, 4th ed., (Boston: Bedford Books, 1996).   

Courage Worth Striving For Essay -- Personal Narrative War Strength Pa

Courage Worth Striving For Placing one foot in front of the other, I climbed the twisted, broken down staircase of the Brooks Army Medical Center in San Antonio, Texas. The year was 1973, and I didn't want to be on these stairs, growing closer and closer to an unknown world that frightened me. I didn't want to witness the things I inevitably would see and hear throughout the next few hours. Can I really handle this? I thought to myself. It didn't really matter anymore. As a medic in the Vietnam Era, and I had soldiers depending on me to tend to their wounds and care for their injuries. As I neared the top, I gained sight of a heavy, thick, white door with a window in the center of it. What was on the other side of that door? I knew there was pain, suffering, and dying. For a moment, I thought about the men who had managed to survive thus far and who were now lying in hospital beds severely injured and bedridden, completely dependent on the care that was given to them. These men had wives, children, and other family members wishing desperately they would recover from the wounds they had encountered in Vietnam and return to life as they knew it before the war. Some of these men would never return to life as they had known it previously, with the reality of amputation and other life-altering treatments taking place as a customary and common practice. I wondered if I was prepared for this. The self-inflicted weight on my shoulders grew progressively heavier step by step. Those same family members hoping their loved ones would live had me to put their trust in. Me. As a trained medic, I was confident that I had the head knowledge I needed to treat the soldiers that had been flown in from Vietnam, as long as I wasn't distra... ...ing this story did not cause me to become a pacifist and reject the concept of war completely. I realize how horrendous war is, especially after hearing about my father's patient in room twelve. However, I feel it is even more appalling to ignore situations that are worse than war, such as the situation in Germany that evoked World War II. It is my belief that soldiers who have seen war value peace more than any pacifist because they know the cost. I now view my own life differently. If that soldier could speak again, I would imagine his message would be to take each day not as a guarantee, but as a gift. After hearing my father's story, my advice is this- do not take life for granted. You never know when you will be forced to find a new depth of strength you never even imagined you possessed and surrender your life for your cause, your beliefs, or your country.

The Life and Death of Ernest Hemingway :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Life and Death of Hemingway In novels or other literary works many authors write about things they dream about. Many write about what stories they have heard from fellow companions. None have written about such vivid, yet traumatic experiences as the twentieth century writer, Ernest Hemingway. That is why Hemingway's tend to concur to his real life experiences. To start, consider that he was raised in an extremely strict household. He was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois. He had an equitably happy, upper middle class childhood. As he grew older he started having feelings of bitterness towards his parents, mainly his mother who was seen as selfish and magisterial by Hemingway. When he was in his teens he became interested in literature. He wrote stories for his high school newspaper and subscribed poems and stories to the school magazine. When he graduated in 1917 he took a junior reporter position on the "Kansas City Star", writing feature stories. In his journalism he began to show interest in powerful yet objective writings of violence, despair, and emotional disturbance, which dominated his writings. He also participated in World War I, which greatly impacted his writing, as a Red Cross ambulance driver in Italy. He was wounded in both legs by a shrapnel explosion. He fell in love with the nurse that was caring for him, who left him not long after for an older man. He returned to Oak Park, and also upper Michigan to write about his childhood, teenage, and wartime years. In 1921 he married Hadley Richardson, divorced March 10, 1927, he moved to Paris to further his writing career. Here he quit journalism as a result of his maturing as a distinguished writer. From the maturity he had accomplished he was able to write over twenty-five books. He eventually returned to journalism to support himself. He was recognized as a major force in literature when he wrote A Farewell to Arms, One of the first novels in Hemingway's literary career. His first publication was Three Stories and Ten Poems, which didn't turn out to be a big success. But his most acclaimed novella, The Old Man and the Sea, which won him the Pulitzer Prize, tends to stand out overall.

Portrayal of Women in Fiction Essay

Girl by Jamaica Kincaid is one of the world’s most popular feminist pieces of literature despite its unorthodox style of narration. The Storm by Kate Chopin, on the other hand, is also a prominent feminist work about women independence in marriage. Girl seems to be a story about a mother preaching to her daughter about how to do things â€Å"properly. † The Storm, meanwhile, is a slice-of-life story about women independence in light of married life. Girl is rather pessimistic in its portrayal of women, as the entire short story draws a picture of an overworked woman that has to be conscious in everything she does, while The Storm portrays women’s seemingly inferior role in marriage and at the same time, their desire and capability to be independent. The Housewife Even to this day, there are still cultures in the world that only see women as a housewives whose only purpose in life is to tend to their husband’s needs and bear him children. This negative portrayal of women is evident in both The Storm and Girl. In The Storm, Calixta, the main protagonist of the story, is left alone by her husband Bobinot and son Bibi. The opening scene of the short story mentions only the presence of one man and his son. This suggests that Calixta was left home to tend to the house, to do whatever it was that wives do during the setting of the story. Even Bibi, described as wise, (presumably wiser than her mother) as young as he is, somewhat belittles her own mother. â€Å"Bibi was four years old and looked very wise. â€Å"Mama’ll be ‘fraid, yes,† he suggested with blinking eyes (Chopin I). Back at their home, the extent of the role attributed to women through Calixta is described. Calixta is introduced to us immediately as a working housewife just when the storm is approaching. â€Å"She sat at the side window sewing furiously on a sewing machine† (Chopin II). As the storm approaches, more work that she does is revealed. â€Å"Out on the small front gallery, she had hung Bobinot’s Sunday clothes to dry† (Chopin II). Calixta is a princess compared to what â€Å"the girl† in the Girl have to do. The entire story in fact is a list of either chores for the girl to do, or restrictions on her actions so she would do things properly. There is not even an introduction to the narration, it starts immediately with the â€Å"commandments† of the mother: â€Å"Wash the white clothes on Monday and put them on the stone heap† (Kincaid). This straight and non-stop work approach of Kincaid is the author’s way of expressing her message — that women are being treated merely as the house workforce. As mentioned before, almost the whole short story is composed of the dictations of the mother to her daughter on what to do, so it is not hard to find another example that highlights the negative portrayal of women. Just to show another example that shows women as laborers, the mother demonstrates, as it were, how to set the table during different circumstances: â€Å"This is how you set a table for tea; this is how you set a table for dinner; this is how you set a table for dinner with an important guest†¦ † (Kincaid). Everything from washing clothes to acting in public, and even how to love a man, is taught to the girl . This suggests that women have to do a bit of everything even if they are not treated as equals. Independent Women  In a more positive side of the short stories, they show women as independent individuals, strong enough to stand on their own without the aid of their spouses and do whatever they please when given the chance. In The Storm, women are left alone. First is Calixta when her husband and son go out before the storm strands in a store, while Clarisse, the wife of Alcee, is asked by her husband to take more time in enjoying her and their children’s vacation. It is during these times when they are away with their families that the women feel more independent. Thus, they exploit the absence of their husbands to do whatever they please. While Calixta is all alone in their house during the storm, Alcee, who appears to be a former lover of hers, gets caught in the storm and seeks shelter in her household. The combination of the rainy weather and an inherent desire to rekindle an old affair causes the old lovers to take a stroll down memory lane and do things that are not supposed to be done by people when they are already married to another person. Thus, Calixta is independent in a sense that she has chosen what to do and that she is able to take care of the house and do all those chores. Clarisse meanwhile also becomes independent but at the cost of her husband cheating. Alcee asks her to extend her vacation which she gladly accepts, and as the narration itself shows, it gives her a sense of independence that she used to have when she was single: â€Å"the first free breath since her marriage seems to restore the pleasant liberty of her maiden days† (Chopin V). Finally, the girl in Kincaid’s story, in spite of all her work, gains some independence ironically through her work — she is able to do all those things by herself, making her independent. This portrayal of women by Kincaid is very feminist, as Kincaid is able to find the positive side of the hard labor done by women. Conclusion In classic literature, women are portrayed as inferior to men, doing only what men want them to do or what is expected of them even in the works of Chopin and Kincaid, though shown as a form of protest, women are portrayed as housewives who work at home. However, despite this sad notion in literature and even in reality, women are sometimes portrayed positively as well, just like the independence shown by the women in the short stories of Kincaid and Chopin.

Describe and evaluate psychological research Essay

There are many different factors into why some relationships fail and others succeed. In this particular essay, I will look into why some relationships do breakdown.  The first model into the dissolution of relationships was devised by Karney and Bradbury (1955). They said that there were three major factors that determined marital stability. The first of these were enduring vulnerabilities, which includes an unhappy childhood and high neuroticism. The second is stressful events such as illness or poverty. Lastly, adaptive processes also have an effect. This refers to constructive and destructive coping strategies to resolve issues. All three factors can be linked together; for example, enduring vulnerabilities can cause stressful events. This model is good because past research has shown that many factors have been associated with the breakdown of relationships, and most of these factors can be related to the three variables mentioned in this model. This shows that it can explain why some relationships do break down. Another strength is that it shows how these three variables can link together to reduce marital quality. However, it can be criticised as it places too much emphasis on marital quality and satisfaction leading to a break-up. Levinger argued that there are other factors that also affect whether a couple break up or not. An example of this is divorce – people may not want to go through the hassle. Duck (1988) proposed a four-phase model, which explains what happens during the termination of close or intimate relationships. The first stage is the intra-psychic phase, where one of the partners becomes very unhappy with the relationship. This then leads to the dyadic phase, where the other person becomes involved. If the problem is not resolved, then it leads to the social phase where family and friends become involved. If the problem is not resolved here then it goes to the final stage. This is the grave-dressing phase, where the ex-partners begin the organisation of their post-relationship lives. A strength of this model is that it addresses cognitive aspects, not just behavioural aspects of relationships. It has important implications for the repair of relationships. However, it can be criticised because, although it mentions the stages of a breakdown, it doesn’t provide reasons for why this happens. It also doesn’t take into account individual differences for example; it assumes that everyone goes through the same stages in a relationship break-up. This might not necessarily be true, for example not every relationship breakup may involve friends or family, or couples may go through the stages in a different order. Lastly, it is culturally biased, and so the results cannot be generalised to other countries. For example, Japan see break-ups as wrong and so probably wouldn’t go through those phases. Another theory into the dissolution of break ups is Lee’s (1984) Model of Relationship Break Up. He conducted extensive interviews of 112 break-ups of premarital romantic relationships. He argued that there were five stages to a relationship break-up. The first of these is dissatisfaction, which is when the couple realise there are problems within the relationship. Next is exposure where the dissatisfaction is brought into the open, and then is negotiation where discussions of the issues are raised. Resolution then happens when the partners try to find ways to solve the problems and if this doesn’t work, then termination happens, which is the final stage. However, there are weaknesses to this theory. For example, it assumes that everyone goes through those stages and so doesn’t take into account individual differences. In fact, couples may miss out certain stages such as resolution. In terms of both Duck and Lee’s models, a 6 or 7 stage model incorporating phases from both of the models would provide a better and more accurate account of the break up of a relationship. The Social Exchange theory, proposed by Thibaut and Kelley (1959) can also explain the dissolution of relationships. This theory is based on the cost and rewards, or the give and take in a relationship. Costs in a relationship could be seen as energy, time and money spent, whereas rewards could be affection, company and security. The Social Exchange Theory argues that the relationship will end if the costs are greater than the rewards. It states that we compare the relationship we are in to past relationships -if the costs and rewards are better or worse than before, it can help to determine whether we will stay in that relationship. This theory is strengthened by the Equity theory, which states that people are happiest in relationships if the give and take is about equal. However, there are some criticisms – firstly, it doesn’t take into account people’s feelings. Secondly, although it provides a reason for why relationships breakdown, it doesn’t explain how.

Hauora Essay

If a person puts themselves first before others and their personal ambitions they are considered unhealthy. Communication through emotions is more powerful than words. If people show what they feel, instead of talking about their feelings, this is regarded as healthy. Te taha Wairua refers to spiritual well being. It is believed that if someone is lacking this they are more prone to ill health Wairua may also explore relationships with the environment, between people, or with heritage. The breakdown of this relationship could be seen in terms of ill health or lack of personal identity. Te taha Tinana refers to physical well being There is also the question of personal space to take into account. Maori consider stepping over someone as rude and demeaning to that person’s mana (personal authority/power). However there are different ways in which respect is shown to another person. For example Maori tend to have minimal eye contact and respect each other’s space in formal situations. Body language is also an important feature to note. Whanau/Family – is the prime support system providing care, not only physically but also culturally and emotionally. For Maori, whanau is about extended relationships rather than the western nuclear family concept. Maintaining family relationships is an important part of life and caring for young and old alike is paramount. Everyone has a place and a role to fulfil within their own whanau. Families contribute to a person’s wellbeing and most importantly a person’s identity. A Maori viewpoint of identity of identity derives much from family characteristics. It is important to understand that a person carrying an ancestral name will often be seen as having the qualities of their namesake. It is important to be aware for Maori, a persons identity is gleaned by asking â€Å"Where are you from† rather than â€Å"What is your name? † Maori identity is based upon an ancestral Waka (canoe) a physical landmark, which is usually a Maunga (mountain), a body of water Awa (river), Moana (sea) and a significant Tupuna (ancestor). Once this is known people can share a common bond.

Report of Contract of Agency

Topic: Law of agency Summary of Facts: Company Star Boat employed Tom as the manager for marketing and sales department. Being an agent for Star Boat, Tom frequently concluded contracts with a number of suppliers for acquiring certain parts to manufacture boats. Smooth Sailing was one of the suppliers. Tom resigned from Star Boat in July 2012 upon being offered a better position in Star Ferry. However, he acquired 4,000 parts from Smooth Sailing in August and manager of Smooth Sailing did not notice that in the contract Tom indicated his signature as â€Å"manager, Star Ferry† and thought they were dealing with Star Boat as usual.When Smooth Sailing later notified Star Boat to make payment, Star Boat wanted to ratify the contract. Legal Issues: First, Star Boat wants to ratify the contract, we must know that whether there is any valid contract formed. There are six elements to create a valid contract including intention to create legal relation, an offer and acceptance, consid eration, privity of contract, capacity of contract and legality of contract. The first element – intention to create legal relation is not fulfilled. As Smooth Sailing intended to deal with Star Boat but not Star Ferry.However, the contract now is dealing with Star Ferry. Smooth Sailing has no intention to deal with Star Ferry. As there is no intention, no valid contract is formed. Second, there is a unilateral mistake in this contract. Unilateral mistake involves only one party mistaken. To be operative, it must be known to the other party. Normally involve fraud on the part of the non-mistaken party. In the above case, Tom was dealing with Smooth Sailing before July. However, in August, Tom did not tell the truth to Smooth Sailing that he is the agent of Star Ferry but not Star Boat now.Therefore, Smooth Sailing thought that he was dealing with Star Boat as usual. In the following paragraph, we list two relevant cases which are similar to the present case. Cundy v. Lindsay (1876) HL, L & Co, a linen manufacturer, received an order for a large number of linen handkerchiefs from Blenkarn, who signed his name in such a way that it looked like ‘Blenkiron & Co’, a well-known respectable firm. L & Co dispatched the goods on credit to Blenkarn, who resold 250 dozen to Cundy. Blenkarn did not pay for the goods. L & Co sued Cundy to recover the handkerchiefs.It was held that the contract between L & Co and Blenkarn was void for unilateral mistake. L & Co intended to deal with Blenkiron & Co, not Blenkarn. Cundy was liable to return the handkerchiefs to L & Co because no right of ownership had passed to him. Lewis v. Avery (1971) Lewis sold his car to a man who claimed to be Richard Greene, a popular star. The man paid by cheque, providing a film studio pass as a proof of his identity. He sold the car to Avery. The cheque had been taken from a stolen cheque book and was later dishonoured. Lewis sued Avery to recover his car.It was held that this co ntract cannot be voided as the plaintiff cannot show the importance of identity. The mistaken belief to the credibility of act is not sufficient. Comparison: Comparing the legal issue between Cundy v. Lindsay (1876) and our case, both cases have the unilateral mistake. Cundy v. Lindsay can be voided because the identity was vital for them to form a contract. For the second case Lewis v. Avery (1971) compare with our case, both are also have the unilateral mistake. But the case Lewis v. Avery cannot be voided as it cannot show the importance of the identity.In our case, Smooth Sailing was dealing with Star Boat in the past and it shows that the identity is very important. Conclusion: In our case, Smooth Sailing thought it was dealing with Star Boat as usual and the identity is very important as it affects the credibility. In fact, Smooth Sailing always deals with Star Boats. We apply the case law, the contract should be voided because Smooth Sailing mistakes the identity and the iden tity is vital to the contract. Moreover, Smooth Sailing has no intention to deal with Star Ferry. Therefore, no valid contract exists and Star Boat cannot ratify the contract.

World Cinema in the 1950s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

World Cinema in the 1950s - Essay Example The cultural differences that are portrayed in the foreign movies might not convince them. They feel at ease watching a movie that exhibits their daily life, culture, custom or any of their routines. American movies are mostly stunt based; they can visualize the real horror and the actual graphical effects which are not experienced in most of the other language movies. They would like a blend of action, romance and comedy. When we talk about the other language movies those factors might be missing. The factors of language and accent are the major aspects of Americans not wanting to watch foreign movies. In spite of all these factors, I still love watching foreign movies. Every movie has its own essence. There cannot be just one variety that a person could keep enjoying. There should be a variety and blend in everything. There are a lot of foreign movies which are really good and carry a lot of message in them with a new learning. Watching movies of varied languages would give good understanding of the world, different cultures, different custom, different people etc. There is much beyond a language is something that all of us have to accept. The foreign movies depict a lot of social activities, problems faced by the people at different levels, new cultures, more emotions and they also show the different perception. Foreign movies are based on the reality than fantasy. Americans could watch those movies dubbed in English language , which might make them understand the quality of the movies and slowly it might create an interest in them to watch more foreign movies and later in the original language. Lashkari says† If we never try something new and totally out of the box, will we ever discover of fun it might have been?† There could be a lot of learning from the movie; they can give the same text a different meaning. A good exposure is always a good learning which in turn creates a good human. There must be unity in the world beyond

Vermiculture Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Vermiculture Technology - Essay Example However, a collection of warms with different feeding styles is preferred. This may include column feeders, burrowing feeders and surface feeders, which do not pose a competition for nutrients, but in the process compliments each other in the feeding process. The worms work in a similar way as in natural decomposition pits; they disintegrate organic matter into small fragments. In the process, they breathe and promote fermentation of the nutrient content. A vermicompost also contains microbes, which aid in the decomposition process. In the event that the materials are depleted, the worm poop and the content are ready for harvesting. The technology is generally cheap and easy to practice for both large and small-scale farmers. The farmer needs to rear the worms in pits, about 3m deep. Broken bricks and earthwork are placed at the bottom to provide for good drainage, the base materials be then covered with a thin layer of cow dung. The materials to be decomposed are then introduced into the pit and water sprinkled to create a conducive environment for the worms. Finally, the worms are introduced to initiate the process (Graft, 2001). Non-continuous- this type of bin involves placing the bedding materials at the base of the bin the adding materials to be decomposed in layers above each other. The worms will then feed on the materials uniformly up the bin. Its major disadvantage in that the entire content of the bin have to be emptied for harvesting. Continuous vertical bin- A series of trays arranged vertically are used in this process. Materials in the order of bedding-worms-organic matter is placed in the bottom tray and finally sealed with a layer of rich bedding. When the worms are through with the content of the lower tray, they move upwards and the lower tray can be harvested. Continuous horizontal bins- the trays are arranged in a horizontal manner, the materials

History vietnam war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History vietnam war - Essay Example His sole aim was to free the country from the foreign occupation. His headquarters were in a cave in northern Vietnam. He gained popular support soon, and on 2-9-1945, he declared the establishment of an independent Vietnam with a new government named as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The French fought back, with determination to retain the territory. Ho was with the US in the initial stages for strategic reasons. He supplied intelligence input to them about the Japanese during World War II. He wanted the US support against the French. But to challenge and contain the spread of Communism was the main goal of the US, as part of its international policy. So Ho’s strategy to get aligned with US, did not work, as US feared about the Communist influence on Vietnam. It supported the French. It sent military aid to the France to defeat Ho in the year 1950. In 1954, the French suffered a massive defeat at Dien Bien Phu, and decided to pullout from the soil of Vietnam. The ceasefi re would follow the temporary division of Vietnam, amongst the communist and non-communist supporters. A general election would be held in 1956 to reunite the country and bring it under one government.

International Organisation and Successful Harmonisation of Essay

International Organisation and Successful Harmonisation of International Commercial Law - Essay Example At constant time, harmonization of sets of laws controls the danger that subject matter be considered or resolved another way in jurisdictions2. This is to elaborate on the process of harmonization to control trade. In terms of practical principles, harmonization will harmonize the pitfalls that might affect the harmonization process the progress of daily operations and in meticulous traverse –system and traverse –border interactions 3. Harmonization is generally arrived at via international agreements by which nations agree to commence exact rules into their state legislation. This is mainly conducted by harmonization bodies and harmonization instruments. On the other hand, lots of international agreements are on no account fully functional; harmonization is also sought after â€Å"representation rules" or " representation statutory necessities " which are recommended to state legislators for implementation. 1 Harmonization and use of, mechanical standards may donate to growing the simplicity of exchange of ideas and plummeting conflicts equal to those occasions where there may perhaps be a divergence of laws. Standardization of structures is also a precondition for interoperability of structures, and indispensable to any authentic transaction of any business in the trade market 5. The four harmonization techniques include Uniform choice of law rules, Lex mercatoria, Standard form contracts, and Uniform substantive law. Therefore, harmonization laws international law, national laws, and Lex Mercatoria. This classification brings information about the diversity of sources of international business commandment. The pitfalls of this categorization are the importance of condition -made law and the sustenance of solid law necessities. It means a convinced chain of command of worldwide trade law rules which protects international convention and compulsory nationwide rules over contractual conditions and business. Some of the disadvantages and advantag es of harmonization include the following. First of all harmonization is mainly meant to unification of laws. Second, they point towards at law reorganization when the existing commandment cannot manage with developing business-related practices. Whichever the issue is the final purpose are the expansion of a legal structure and the surroundings of intercontinental principles. Alongside these two aims, the compensation of harmonisation of law gives the impression to be self- obvious. On the other hand, the commerce society is a very unenthusiastic to accept any transform in commandment. The identical applies for in cooperation the practising lawyers and law implanters. Some of these advantages include; it facilitates business with plagiarism of barriers consequential from difficulties of dissimilar officially permitted regimes. (2) Harmonisation of intercontinental commercial commandment creates a legal structure adapt -made for intercontinental communication, disregarding dissimila r in the guideline of national communication The chances put across to avoid pitfalls in trade and asset needs legal systems of harmonization with harmonized regulations so as to increase financial behaviour. Harmonization

Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972) by Werner Herzog Essay

Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972) by Werner Herzog - Essay Example One important lesson that can be derived from the film pertains to the consequences of selfish desires of the leaders like Pizarro, Guzman, and Aguirre. All of them were given the opportunity to lead the expedition, but all of them failed because of some problems with their character and leadership system. Character is an important factor in the implementation of leadership responsibilities. In this film however, the immaturity of the leaders was presented by the way they come up with their decisions and in their ability to handle the pressures that surround them. â€Å"To lead is to serve†. This is the ideal principle of leadership but not even one of the three leaders has shown such example. For instance, Pizarro has exercised selfish dictatorship. His system might be effective in some respects but the effect was not good enough. This is because he was too insensitive with the situation that was taking place with his men. He did not think deeply about the possible consequences of his decision. In one instance, he sent out forty of his men to the dangerous Amazon River and jungle without realizing how this may impact them. He placed the live of his men at risk even if he knew that the Amazon River and the jungle will be treacherous for the expedition. Evidently, Pizarro had abused and mishandled his power. Guzman, on the other hand, displayed avariciousness in his leadership regime. More specifically, he deprived his men with their basic needs such as food. He wanted only to take care of himself and made sure that he has a good supply of food. Meanwhile, he let the men who are serving him go hungry and thirsty.