Alliances Balancing and Bandwagoning

Stephen M. Walt’s main purpose in his work is to assert his explanations for the actions done by states in the international arena with regard to their alliances as a response to a certain factor or condition that affects or influences the very well being and situation of a state.The entire point of Stephen M. Walt revolves around the reaction of states when engaged or met with external threat. His analysis illustrates the possible behavioural patterns of states by explaining what kind of actions these states make and why.He thus caters two concepts; balancing and bandwagoning, stating that states tend to either balance or bandwagon depending on where these states perceive that they best fit or may benefit from. Therefore, he develops his analysis by proposing that the states two primary options or actions are to either ally in opposition of an external threat or to ally with the external threat itself. Stephen M. Walt holds that these two concepts are dependent upon the type and level of external threat manifested to them.This is not to discount the fact that the state’s influence, power or how the international community perceives it must also be taken into consideration; whether a state is considered as a strong state or a weak state.In a nutshell, Stephen M. Walt submits that a state may ally with other states in the face of an existing threat or it may arrange itself with this threat. He thus primarily asserts that as part of the natural behavioural pattern of a state, other theorists may say that balancing shall be the more convenient or expected action by a state rather than bandwagoning.It is fundamental to hypothesize that a strong state shall have the automatic tendency to balance. While the weak states may also choose to balance but this is only as a response to other weak states. When the conflict is between a weak and a strong state, it is another story.It is but natural in such a situation for a weak state to bandwagon when respondin g to a threat posed by a strong state. Stephen M. Walt’s alliance theory explains that a state’s action when responding to an external threat is the phenomenon of knowing when will such a state form an alliance and what will influence the state’s choice in making an alliance.This phenomenon is an expected behavioural pattern and a normal reaction. The focal area of concern with regard to this phenomenon is focused mainly on the each state’s duty and responsibility to protect itself. As a means of security, the state will be expected to put its safety as the first priority when an external threat is lurking around.The decision that follows shall take in consideration the state as a whole and how it is perceived by the international community. Primarily, the argument that pushes the theory of Stephen M. Walt falls largely on the shoulders of the two concepts of balancing and bandwagoning.As mentioned earlier, balancing is about allying with other states aga inst the external threat. In other words, states form an alliance against another state or group of states that pose the dominant and greater threat.This is simply a way for a state to deal with another state which is a threat because of its greater aggregate power. A determining factor here is hinged on a state’s capability, particularly its military capability. However, the type of military capability that is in question is on a state’s offensive capability which poses the threat to other states.The defensive military capability is not much given attention due to the fact that such capability will not be a threat unless provoked or initiated by another state. But having a strong and threatening offensive capability is not the only distress and apprehension of other states.The level or aggressiveness of a particular state is definitely taken into account. Each state regardless of their capabilities has their own way of responding and not responding to threats and issu es they encounter. Moreover, alliances formed under the concept of balancing are somewhat situational or circumstantial.Although alliances are forged heavily to answer the call of threat, these alliances change dramatically when that threat is conquered or disposed of. Wars seem to be the common cause of most states to form an alliance but the moment the war ends, the alliance breaks as well. As much as alliance through balancing is very much evident and supported by past occurrences, the opposite concept of bandwagoning is as much evident and present as seen during the Cold War. It is therefore asserted that bandwagoning is most likely to happen than balancing.Stephen M. Walt even stresses that any need for a legitimate justification to be involved in international territories or issues can be covered by bandwagoning. Furthermore, bandwagoning is also used as a means of increasing a state’s military capacity.Proponents of bandwagoning see the logic in this concept by simply knowing that the greater a state’s aggregate capability and offensive capability the more likely it is for other states to form an alliance with it. Even the geographical location is taken into consideration.The states that are located near a powerful state shall have a greater tendency of forming an alliance with the powerful state. The location of states geographically in relation to another state particularly with the stronger state is very important especially in times of conflict.This because the issues on borders and the time it takes to send help and information to an ally will largely depend of their positions. And being the opposite of balancing, the states will not align against the powerful state because of its aggressive perceived intentions.And also, the alliances formed against the greater state will disintegrate as a response to a serious obstacle that they realize is already beyond them. Stephen M. Walt states his theory by deducing it from rational and histor ically based assumptions and behavioural patterns which states have already done to point out that what states will most possibly be doing. The past shows times of numerous instances in international relations which act as an example or as a guide in predicting not necessarily the end result but the processes of interactions between states.Stephen M. Walt cites numerous occasions and incidents in the World War and the Cold War as an example for proving his theory. He thus bases his conclusions and hypotheses knowing that there are only limited possible steps or actions that a state can actually make.The assertion of Stephen M. Walt’s theory by quantifying and qualifying a state’s action to form an alliance as a response to an external threat through balancing and bandwagoning as supported by historical bases makes it logically sound.The argument that is proposed takes root in the rational and natural assessment of how exactly a state will respond to the situation prese nted. In other words, the theory is an anticipation of an expected probable outcome.The explanation is implicated in the concepts of balancing and bandwagoning which are two polar manifestations that show that for every action taken or not taken, there is also another option which is the alternative or opposite action taken or not taken.For example, as stated earlier in balancing, the greater the threatening state’s aggregate power, the greater the tendency of others to align against it. While in bandwagoning, the greater the threatening state’s aggregate power, the greater the tendency of others to align with it.The cause and effect implication is simply related to the relationship between one state’s relation with another, a state’s capability and the other state’s capability and most importantly, one’s external threat confronted by a state as manifested by another state.The threat is the absolute indicator or the absolute cause of how a s tate will react. The level of threat will influence every consideration that a state will take into. Technically speaking, in consideration of the cause and effect analysis, it becomes quite obvious that this theory of Stephen M. Walt is a primary response or a better description and explanation of the forming of alliances of states. It is asserted by other theorists that the overlying source for the alliances formed by states is founded on the power relations between states.Thus, the balancing or bandwagoning of states are simply actions to balance the power in the prevailing status quo of the international sphere. But Stephen M. Walt sees that the states do not seek security from power but rather, states seek security from threat.Power can be threat but it can also not be threat. Power is a neutral factor and cannot be seen as a threat unless used as one. While threat on the other hand is a concept that poses danger and concern to a state making it more definite and ideal to thoro ughly and greatly influence the state’s actions.

Information Freedom: the Ethical Implications of Sopa

James Eckert Professor Reed PHIL 2306 2 December 2011 Information Freedom: The Ethical Implications of SOPA The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) is a U. S. House of Representatives bill with the stated purpose, â€Å"To promote prosperity, creativity, entrepreneurship, and innovation by combating the theft of U. S. property, and for other purposes. † (1) SOPA proposes to accomplish those goals by allowing the U. S. Department of Justice and copyright owners to take action against websites thought to be facilitating copyright infringement.What brought SOPA into the limelight is the criteria it uses to determine what a copyright-infringing site is, and the methods it allows to punish those websites. It was drafted with the intention of combating websites that host U. S. copyrighted content, many of which are hosted offshore and outside of U. S. legal jurisdiction; and subsequently focuses on attacking U. S. based internet services that could benefit such ‘rogue sites. â€℠¢ The sites it targets are defined as being â€Å"dedicated to the theft of U. S. property. † The qualifications for such a site? It must be directed toward the U. S. , and either * â€Å"engage in, enable, or facilitate† infringement; or * take or have taken steps to â€Å"avoid confirming a high probability† of infringement These defining attributes are for any portion of a site, even a single page containing infringing material can qualify a site as ‘rogue. ’ SOPA then allows a copyright holder who believes their works are being infringed by such a ‘rogue site,’ to send a notice to facilitating services of the site, such as payment processors (e. g. PayPal, Visa), ad networks, and hosting providers. These services must then deliver the notice to the site, and suspend their services; unless the site provides a counter-notice explaining how it is not violating copyright, to be delivered within five days of the original notice. If a cou nter-notice is supplied by the site, or if the supporting services do not end their service, the rights-holder is able to take them to court. One of the most troubling notions that SOPA introduces is the disconnect between judicial process and a real-world response.The extraordinarily broad definitions for a ‘rogue site’ would allow copyright holders (or anyone presenting themselves as one) to strangle services that support a site, without ever setting foot in court; or even requiring to verify that they do, in fact, own the copyright to the material they claim as infringing. SOPA also provides the previously mentioned supporting services with immunity from liability, if they comply with copyright violation notices, regardless of the validity of the claim itself.SOPA does provide one important clause concerning a right-holder’s request for takedown; if a copyright holder knowingly misrepresents a site as being a haven for copyright infringement, they are liable t o damages. Unfortunately, this has little effect in practice, because the breadth of definition in what constitutes a ‘rogue site’ would make virtually all of the internet services we are accustomed to into an illegality.For example, YouTube – a streaming video service that allows its users to upload media content, would no longer be protected from claims on material that is provided by their users; a state of affairs that it has enjoyed due to the ‘safe harbor’ provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), stating that sites are shielded from the liabilities of their users, provided the site follows DMCA’s notice-and-takedown policy for copyrighted content.If sites that allow user-provided content were required to actively police all user content for potentially copyright-infringing material, even social media services such as Facebook or Twitter would be under attack as facilitating copyright infringement. SOPA’s provisio ns even ban linking to sites deemed infringing, including results from a search engine, or comments on a blog.The implications of this lead to a decidedly unjust outcome: service providers would have no reason to defend their customers from invalid claims, supposed copyright holders would have free reign to cripple even a law-abiding site, and even websites that make a good-faith effort to remove copyrighted content would be unable to meet the draconian standards set forth in SOPA. SOPA has still more provisions, of a substantially more troubling nature.While the process previously described is only related to the abilities granted to copyright holders, SOPA also has far-reaching implications for copyright infringements that do make it into a courtroom. It allows the U. S. Department of Justice to obtain a court order against sites accused of infringing, or facilitating infringement of copyrighted material. Once the U. S. attorney general is furnished with such an order, they have t he power to force U. S. ased Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to censor the website through the Domain Name Service (DNS), as well as forcing supporting services such as ad networks and payment processors to suspend their service to the site, and finally to force search engines from linking to an infringing site. This provision of SOPA is by far the most contentious, with dramatic technical ramifications that critics have compared to the internet censorship of countries such as China and Iran. 2) While the technical details are too deep to explore in this work, leaders in the fields of technology, business, and law have denounced it as being infeasible, insecure, unstable, easily defeated, and as setting a poor example for other nations if America were to adopt such a system of censorship. (3) (4) (5) (6) In conclusion, SOPA represents an appalling direction in U. S. copyright law. While it attempts to tackle the very real and present issue of online copyright infringement, the pow ers it grants are far-reaching and almost completely disconnected from judicial due process.If it were adopted and implemented, not only would it become an obstacle to the use of the internet for collaborative work, fair use content, and free speech; but it would undermine the very notion of justice in the attempt. It imposes an impossible state of constant vigilance on law-abiding sites, and proposes a dramatically imbalanced system where the burden of proof is on a website to prove that its content is legal, rather than the copyright-holder who believes their work is being infringed. Works Cited 1. U. S. House of Representatives.Stop Online Piracy Act. 2011. 2. Basulto, Dominic. SOPA’s ugly message to the world about America and internet Innovation. 2011. 3. Lemley, Mark A. , Levine, David S. and Post, David. Open letter to the House of Representatives. November 15, 2011. 4. McCullagh, Declan. OpenDNS: SOPA will be ‘extremely disruptive' to the Internet. November 17, 2011. 5. Mozilla, Google, Yahoo! , Facebook, Twitter, Zynga, LinkedIn, eBay, AOL. Joint letter to Congressional leaders. November 15, 2011. 6. Downes, Larry. Statement on Stop Online Piracy Act. 2011.

Opre 6371 Case 5-2

6Case 5-2: Rondot Automotive Name: Lovee Sachdeva, Bin Wen, Matthew Miles, Ryan Buxbaum ,Yuguang Wang, Shaoying Lu. Group: 3 Date: 2/22/2013 ————————————————- Situation: * Glenn Northcott is the purchasing planner at Rondot Automobile in Jackson, Mississippi. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rondot Worldwide, a leading global designer and manufacturer of electrical and electronic components. Note: You are Glenn) * Responsible for evaluation the outsourcing opportunity * Meet with Terry Gibson and purchasing manager to decide whether or not to take actions on outsourcing * Glenn had been approached by Greven E-Coating willing to provide electro coating services to Rondot Automobile * Goals of decision making: Reducing the total costs while maintaining and minimizing the risks from any changes made * Considerable global competition under severe cost pressure * Cust omer’s price reduction pressure expectancies from global competition * Total Sales and employment at the Jackson plant had steadily declined * Company is under significant pressure on cost reduction. The company’s current priority is to reduce operation costs * Rondot is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rondot Worldwide, a leading global designer and manufacturer of electrical and electronic components. Rondot Automotive operated 85 plants in 25 countries. The purchasing organization at Rondot automotive had a hybrid structure and the Jackson plant’s purchasing department consisted of four people, including two buyers, a planner (Glen) and Terry Gibson. * Schedule with the purchasing manager, Terry Gibson, and the plant manager, Dick Taylor in one week, and both of them are under significant pressure to reduce costs at Jackson plant. * Greven E-Coating outsourcing opportunity * Greven E-Coating Company uses a system whereby a DC electrical charge is applied to a met al part immersed in a bath of oppositely charged paint particles. * Considered more cost efficient compared to traditional wet paint systems * Samples provided from Greven E-Coating Company Tests results: 5/6 of families of housings could be converted to e-coaring using Greven at a cost of 15 cents each * Parts for five of the six represents 60% of the Jackson Plant’s volume * Failure because of different methods of adhesion of a magnet to the housing. Hot –bond adhesion process fits e-coating while cold-bond adhesion process does not fit e-coating system Current situation: * Total sales and employment at the Jackson plant had steadily declined over the past five years. * The number of employees at the plant had dropped from 1450 to 600 and plant management was under pressure to lower costs and regain market share. * Glenn has the option to do outsourcing on cleaning and painting work to Greven E-Coating. Glenn needs to come up with an ideal recommendation on how to re duce the cost and propose that to Terry Gibson and Dick Taylor. * The cleaning and wet painting had been installed 17 years prior and undergone a number of upgrades, and the current painting method costs 25 cents for each housing. (There are six parts in a housing family) BASIC ISSUES 1. Company to take decision on insourcing or outsourcing 2. Higher costs related to painting & cleaning 3. Lack of advanced technology to compete in cost reduction for a lower price 4. A decision to make, once made, is often difficult to reserve. If Rondot Automobile decides to make agreements on e-coating system, The plant needs to convert 100% hot-bond adhesion system 5.Total cost of converting 40% of cold-bond adhesion system to the total cost savings: Long-Term estimation, not short term 6. Whether the use of e-coating will lead to sole source dependency: Is the e-coating system a common painting method in market? 7. The durability of e-coating VS. of traditional coating system 8. Cost benefits ana lysis on the process 9. Inexperienced decision making on outsourcing opportunity Tasks: * What does Richard Kaplan do? Richard needs to clarify and calculate the total cost savings and the cost of converting from cold-bond adhesion to hot-bond adhesion * 25 Cents * 6 = $1. 50 * 15 Cents * 6 = $0. 90 * Does the difference $0. 60 can cover the conversion from traditional wet coating system to e-coating system? The durability and re-paint rate is also needed to consider: If the wet-coating system has durability of 10 years while e-coating repaint rate is 8 years, The total cost of conversion from traditional wet-coating system to e-coating system will increase significantly * What are alternatives? * Negotiate with Greven E-Coating for a lower costs * Conduct a careful research on both advantages and disadvantages of E-coating system * Search for more options in potential sources and substitute items other than traditional wet-painting and e-coating * The challenge of maintaining long- term technological and economic viability for the possible 100% hot-bond adhesion system * The revision of policy of supplier selection Criteria of standardization and policies regarding the choosing of suppliers * An understanding of the market conditions in order to set appropriate expectations for the price provided from Greven E- Coating * Analyze data collected for cost and technical information * Identify the root causes of sales decline. If the sales revenue can be improved, the company can maintain the current painting process to avoid future external risks * * Determine that is the cold-bond adhesion system a necessary facility for the particular family to manufacture any specified electrical and electronic components * Dose this outsourcing plan fit the business goals and objectives? * What does the company’s top management think about the Jackson plant’s outsourcing plan? * Which level of management makes a final decision on outsourcing? Talk to manufacturin g manager and clarify more information about cold-bond adhesion * Talk to the manager in the family that uses cold-bond adhesion system. Clarify the reason why the family of housing choose to use cold-bond adhesion * Identify and estimate total cost to uninstall and setup the new bond system if the method of adhering a magnet to the housing is not mandatory SUGGESTED QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION; 1. How to make analysis of the cost of switching current painting process versus the cost of setting up a painting process? What kinds of training should be provided due to the new standards of temperature, air and etc? 2. If the result of outsourcing is rejected, is the subcontracting an alternative for the company?What are the benefits and risks of using reverse auctions for specialized OEM parts? 3. What risk management and contractual steps are necessary before moving company owned tooling to a new supplier? 4. What are the benefits and risks of outsourcing? Actions: * Determination of deta iled function & mandatory of Cold-Bond Adhesion system * Meet with both Manufacturing manager and the family manager in Jackson Plant. * Determine the total costs of uninstallation the current cold-bond adhesion system and the installation of hot-bond adhesion system * Total Cost Savings calculation * Identify the cost savings potential after the modification. With the newly modified standards, communicate with Greven E-Coating and analyze the decision based on the feedbacks from the supplier. * Determine whether the total cost savings can cover the conversion cost from cold-bond adhesion system to hot-bond system * Estimate the future necessity and future technological tendency of replacing traditional wet paint to E-Coating. If the company is going to replace the traditional wet painting in the future anyway, the cost of conversion can be ignored. * Talk with Betty McKinley again and determine the detailed cost of holding two more weeks of inventory * Make agreements on price and quantity, meanwhile negotiate the term of warranty and quality assurance with Greven E-Coating Results: If accept outsourcing opportunity * Cost savings:25-15-3=7 cents on each housing * Add another two weeks worth of inventory * Lower labor and material costs * Product price reductions i. e. ability to offer reduced price to customers. * Become more competitive and there will be a gradual increase in the profit and market share. * If not accepting outsourcing opportunity (i. e.. using the earlier system ) * No savings- no price reductions * Reduce risk for investment * Extra cost in upgrading the system * Spending on more labor in this operation which results in additional costs * May result in lower operating time * Extra time for testing upgraded system. If total cost savings is greater than the costs of uninstallation of Cold-bond adhesion + Installation of hot-bond adhesion + extra inventory carrying costs: * Prepare the agreements and contract documentation on outsourcing deci sion with Greven E-Coating * The contract content with Greven E-Coating tends to be short-term to avoid sole-source dependency situation. Reach out lower priced suppliers while maintain the quality assurance * If total cost savings is equal to or less than the costs of uninstallation of Cold-bond adhesion + Installation of hot-bond adhesion + extra inventory carrying costs: * Determine the importance of common tendency of using E-coating for other manufacturing companies.If the E-coating is not mandatory in the future market, reject the outsourcing plan to avoid extra possible risks * Find out other alternative ways to reduce total costs, such as reduction of labor costs, manufacturing overhead or the replacement of cost-efficient equipment or facilities Priorities: * Maintain cost reduction at the Jackson plant. * Increase sales volume and high market share. * Ensure a successful outsourcing decision. * Maintain company’s reputation-image for reliability. Conclusion: The pai nting process should be outsourced in order to achieve significant cost savings. Ensure supplier selection process is properly done, forecast and mitigate against outsourcing inherent risks and ensure quality standard is met at all times. These will help in achieving a successful outsourcing agreement.

How was the Cuban Missile Crisis perceived in the USA and Cuba Essay

How was the Cuban Missile Crisis perceived in the USA and Cuba - Essay Example The U.S. and Cuban governments were each compelled to action by the fear of each other. Both countries posed a threat, real and implied, to the other. Nuclear bomb paranoia swept the post World War II world. In no place or time was this fear more apparent than during the Cuban Missile Crisis. During the 1962 crisis, Fidel Castro, Nikita Khrushchev and John Kennedy jockeyed for the upper hand, each employing bold moves that brought the world to the brink of possible annihilation. Prior to the Cuban Revolution in the mid to late 1950’s, the tropical island of Cuba was a favored tourist attraction of U.S. citizens. The United States government held substantial control in Cuba’s economic and political dealings. However, Castro, a leading political figure in Cuba, refused to be controlled by the United States. The United States government suspected that when Castro assumed power on January 1, 1959, his communist government would pose a close threat to America. Castro further raised concerns when he seized property belonging to prosperous Cuban Nationals and foreigners in an attempt to improve conditions for working-class Cubans. Many of these properties belonged to businesses owned by U.S. companies and individuals. U.S. suspicions and concerns were heightened in December, 1960 when Castro officially and openly aligned Cuba with the Soviet Union. Less than one month later, in early January, 1961, the U.S. severed diplomatic relations with Castro and imposed a trade embargo on Cuba that remains in effect to this day. The embargo stopped the flow of oil to Cuba and the sale of its major cash crop, sugar, from Cuba.

Queer studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Queer studies - Essay Example It has been used by women to monitor on the differences in gender and sexuality matters for the last two decades. Assemblage and intersectionality have however, been incompatible as they are not analogous when compared in terms of content or utility. Analytics have not be bring collectively the theory since they are oppositional. The restrictions and potential of every and what might be increased by viewing them from side to side and with each other. The force of each in the territory of political theory happens through planning of these two genealogies. The notions ton the political principles of women  awareness in invention which has been motivated by individual women, by the permission of intersectional analysis to find out what type of features are probable for feminist hypothesis (Hall, 2013). In What Concrete Ways Could Puar’s And Manalansan’s Analyses Be Exemplifying What Eng, Halberstam and Munoz Calls for to be â€Å"A Renewed Queer Studies Ever Vigilant To The Fact That Sexuality Is Intersectional†? Make Sure To Discuss Both Puar And Manalansan. Around 1990 queer emerged into public consciousness. It had been a term that challenged the normalizing mechanisms of state power to call its sexual subjects: male or feminine, married or single, heterosexual or homosexual, natural or perverse. Given its commitment to interrogating the social processes that not solely created and recognized however conjointly normalized and sustained identity, the political promise of the term resided speci?cally units broad critique of multiple social antagonisms, as well as race, gender, class, position, and religion, additionally to gender. The modern mainstreaming of gay and lesbian identity—as a mass-mediated shopper lifestyle and embattled legal category—demands a revived queer studies ever wakeful to the actual fact that sex is intersectional, not extraneous to other modes of distinction, and label to a ?rm understanding of queer as a political image whereas not a?xed referent (Beemyn & Eliason, 1996). A revived queer studies, moreover, insists on a broadened thought of the late-twentieth-century international crises that have con?gured historical relations among political economies, the politics of war and terror, and national manifestations of sexual, racial, and gendered hierarchies. The following sixteen essays—largely authored by a younger generation of queer scholars—map out academic degree imperative intellectual and political piece of ground for queer studies and conjointly the trendy politics of identity, kinship, and belonging. insistence on queer studies’ intellectual and political relevance to an honest ?eld of social critique, these essays worth variety of the ?elds most very important theoretical insights whereas realigning its political attentions, historical foci, and disciplinary accounts. Broadly, these scholars examine the boundaries of queer philosophy, the denaturalizi ng potentials of queer diasporas, and conjointly the rising assumptions of what may well be called queer liberalism. Jointly, they rethink queer critique in respect to a number of historical emergencies, to borrow from Bruno Walter Benjamin, of every national and international consequence (Johnson & Henderson, 2005). References Hall, D. (2013). The Routledge queer studies reader. London: Routledge. Johnson, E. P., & Henderson, M. (2005). Black queer studies: A critical anthology. Durham, NC: Duke

Comparative Analysis of Empolyee's Job Satisfaction in Pakistani Banks Essay

Comparative Analysis of Empolyee's Job Satisfaction in Pakistani Banks - Essay Example This paper endeavors to find out the level of employees job satisfaction among three of the Pakistans top commercial banks by conducting the research survey and performing statistical techniques to judge the correlation and level of significance for the factor. Work has also been done to find out those factors which are resulting in satisfaction or dissatisfaction among the employees. Employees satisfaction has become one of the important fundamental rules to become successful in this highly competitive business environment for any organization. In a country like Pakistan, there is special need to identify the level of employees job satisfaction especially in growing sector of banking. Three leading commercial banks with different branches have been chosen for the research survey of employees satisfaction. For the purpose of this research, 100 respondents were randomly selected from different branches of banks in Lahore. Overall, the results have been found positive as far as job satisfaction among the employees is concerned. Most of the employees are satisfied working for these banks, satisfied with attitude of management, satisfied with their supervisors etc. Salary packages and other benefits are the factors in which employees are dissatisfied. This dissertation also contains the comparative analysis of employees job satisfaction among those banks. The different aspect of this dissertation is that this kind of research has never been conducted before related with these domestic banks in Pakistan. The following dissertation outlines the literature review, aims, methodology, empirical research analysis and finally containing the conclusion and some useful recommendation. In this chapter, a general description of the background of our field of study and the developments taking place in the field, followed by the problems will be discussed. Then, we will explain the aims and objectives of the dissertation. The business world has changed and

The Role of Colors in The Great Gatsby Research Paper

The Role of Colors in The Great Gatsby - Research Paper Example The first huge symbolism that is exemplified in the Great Gatsby is the symbolism of green light. The green light is a monumental factor that exemplifies Jay’s dream to chase Gatsby. The green light had a profound meaning as it signifies Gatsby’s hopes and dreams for the future. Gatsby love for Daisy, as excellently illustrated in Chapter 1 as he reaches for the light, represents his quest to get Daisy. Gatsby had a strong attachment to this mysterious light as the author states, â€Å"Gatsby believed in the green light† (Fitzgerald 128). The green light was Gatsby only diminishing hopes to ever get back with Daisy, which unfortunately never occurred.   In addition, the green light also represents that of the quest for the â€Å"American Dream† that the new immigrants desired when they reached the â€Å"promise land† (Mellard 853). In essence, Fitzgerald believed that Americans were disillusioned by attaching a meaning to America through their own dreams. Green is used to portray wealth and money that all people love to accumulate. Similarly, Gatsby is deceived as he attaches this perfect illusion to Daisy. Unfortunately, Gatsby is struck with utter failure as he fails to attain Daisy just as the American dream was devastated by the materialistic things in 1920’s. Gatsby’s bold attempt to re-create his best memory, which was to spend time with Daisy in Louisville, never happened. Sadly, Gatsby lost his will to live and looked forward for his death (Mellard 855). Another element that is exemplified via color, is ash through the color of gray. .† Fitzgerald excellent ability to point of key flaws in society was perfectly illustrated by this symbolism. Fitzgerald describes the Valley of Ashes in his book â€Å"a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens; where ashes take forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and

Should the United States Return to a Gold Standard Essay

Should the United States Return to a Gold Standard - Essay Example A gold standard system would make it more difficult for the government and Federal Reserve to implement monetary policies. A gold standard system prevents the government firm minting currency notes and coins that can it can endorse. This means that when there is increased demand for cash, the government cannot supply. As a result, the economy goes through reduced growth and more inflation as the value of paper money skyrockets.A gold standard system means the United States is neglecting its ongoing soaring currency rates and distribution problems instead of offering a solution. In a period of economic turmoil, the government and its people should not focus on future likelihoods of forex and currency techniques. Instead, Americans ought to use every tool in the economic and academic arsenal to solve high jobless rates, the piling national debt, nonrenewable sources of energy, and corresponding environmental crises.A gold standard means the government lacks influence over the economy. The government currently prints paper money and mints coins, which is good for an era of intermittent economic crises. This role shows the government can make an effort towards restoring an economy and actually stimulate it. These efforts are reactionary activities that can reinstate the value of the dollar during an economic depression. In a gold standard, the government cannot restore the economy. This means that when a gold standard economy is in a meltdown, the government cannot make any decisions towards improving this economy.

Analytic paper on the current state of economic development and its Term

Analytic on the current state of economic development and its system of governance in Somalia - Term Paper Example Somalia has been exacerbated by failed attempts of the international community to restore peace and as such Menkhaus argues that Somalia’s state collapse at governance level falls into the â€Å"dubious distinction of being the world’s foremost graveyard of externally sponsored state-building initiatives† (Menkhaus 74). However, on the other side of the spectrum, Menkhaus highlights the point that notwithstanding the socio-political collapse of Somalia’s governmental and judicial infrastructure; this is has not prevented economic growth and development particularly at a fragmented local level (Menkhaus 74). Moreover, Menkhaus suggests that the lengthy absence of governance is in fact a significant causal trigger in promoting economic development via joint ventures between business groups, traditional business methods and civic groups (Menkhaus 74). The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate the current state of economic development and its system of governance in Somalia. To this end, it is submitted as a central proposition in this paper that sustained economic development in Somalia is intrinsically dependent on the socio-political backdrop and that therefore implementing meaningful initiatives to restore legitimate governance will go further to sustain stability in economic development in the long term (Cypher & Dietz 22). Therefore, whilst the lack of governance may not have prevented economic development in Somalia per se, it is further submitted that the political instability remains a central barrier to sustained economic development and growth in Somalia in the long term. This proposition is further supported by Menkhaus’ argument that â€Å"the repeated failure of top-down efforts to revive Somalia’s central government must not obscure the significant success of governance-building efforts within some local Somali communities† (Menkhaus 74). Indeed, the post-colonial development of Somalia within the wider context of contemporary

The Apartheid government Essay Example for Free

The Apartheid government Essay The Apartheid government was able to remain in power for 50 years because it ensured that strong opposition was unable to grow against it and had the means to suppress it by force when necessary.  When a society feels that its demands are being met, and that state action during crises is in its interest, it will feel authoritarian regime to abide to Locke’s social contract (Spragens, 1997: 34 ) and thus have the right to rule, even without democracy (Levi, 1988; McGuire Olson, 1996 as cited in Ghandi Przeworski, 2007: 1281). An authoritarian regime requires a overwhelming monopoly of force( Ghandi Przeworski, 2007).. It is however when states fail to economically grow or resolve crises, that authoritarian regime does collapse. Once the regime can no longer provide for society, citizens lose obligation to follow its rule and the regime can face overthrow. This is also true if it lacks military capabilities to protect society and thus ensure stability( Ghandi Przeworski, 2007). Authoritarian regime is furthermore at risk of collapse when relative deprivation occurs in society (Breslin, Hague Harrop, 1992). Board opposition coalescence combines efforts aimed at a superior regime alternative. It delegitimises standing authoritarian regimes as does international dimension factors, seeing as when one’s surrounding nations democratise, one’s own society will wish to democratise too. The apartheid government’s authoritarian rule survived for 50 year because of the initial lack of afore mentioned challenges. Before the country was excluded from the international community, the apartheid regime had command over the economy and satisfied the demands of white citizens, thus securing their legitimacy. Its initial financial support from abroad and surrounding nations’ late liberalisation, also buffered it from facing overthrow. By ensuring Black’s poverty, illiteracy and discrimination, the Apartheid regime further ensured their survival. It crushed revolts from the oppressed Black majority through military force. It furthermore enforced Bantu education, providing Black kids with inferior schooling, and the colour bar, limiting job availability and salary due to one’s race.  Blacks’ focus was moulded to be that of making a living, at the expense of their vote for half a decade.

Martin Luther King vs. Malcolm X Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King vs. Malcolm X Essay Malcolm X Vs. MLK JR Extremist, or peace maker? That is the true difference between the beliefs, and ideals of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Both men were African-American civil rights activists during the 1950’s and 1960’s, and both wanted to be accepted for their race, but they wanted that acceptance in very different ways. The two men had very diverse beliefs, Malcolm being a devout Muslim and King being a Baptist clergyman, their religions played a big part in each of their views and how they went about achieving their goals. This is where their ideas differed, and why they wouldnt technically be considered same, or â€Å"fighting for the same cause†. Malcolm X was considered an extremist for a few main reasons, one being that he wanted complete segregation from the white race. He believed that African Americans were so mistreated that they should be completely shut off from the white Americans. In his Declaration of Independence (1964), he states that the â€Å"best solution is complete separation, with our people going back home, to our own African homeland†. He wanted himself, and all other blacks to be sent to their ancestors land of Africa where they could live among other blacks, where they wouldnt be thought of as a lower class, but as equals. Although Mr. X wanted equality for blacks and whites, he still believed that there should be segregation; he wanted both races to be â€Å"separate but equal†. In the sense of violence, X didn’t promote the use of violence, yet he did believe that man should be able to â€Å"defend himself when he is the constant victim of brutal attacks†. In the end, Malco lm wanted a place of acceptance, and a place where he could be somewhat at peace with what he considered his own kind. Peace is what brought Martin Luther King power in his speeches to the people of America. Like extremist Malcolm X he wanted acceptance for himself, and all of as hed put it â€Å"brothers, and sisters†. The Kings speeches were very motivational during their time, and so uplifting that its generally believed if not assassinated complete freedoms for African Americans wouldve been accomplished much sooner. King believed he could achieve his dreams and goals of having whites and black living together in harmony and peacefulness through nonviolent protesting and also by educating the public. Martin Luther King wanted acceptance just as Malcolm X did, but they wanted it in two very different ways. King wanted it through peace and unification with his fellow Americans, while Malcolm wanted it through rioting, and force of opposition. It might seem like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X fought for different things for the African American people, but in all reality it comes down to the simplest form of an idea. They wanted acceptance. Without acceptance both causes were completely lost, no matter the arguments made, and the battles fought. Till acceptance was granted, all was lost. Thats why the differences of Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King Jr.s differences are what united them, giving them their ultimate similarity.

The Importance Of Record Management

The Importance Of Record Management A record is a transaction between individuals or institutions that is first documented and then stored on a specific repository for a given, or in some cases an unspecified amount of time. Records vary in their contexts they can range from court records to state information that a country holds about its citizens i.e. birth and death certificates. Records in the current day and age are usually stored electronically on databases. Records provide an organization or government institutions with the necessary proof of the interaction with its partners, in the case of organizations, or citizens in the case of the state. Why is records management important and who is responsible for managing records in an organization? Records management is important because it essentially provides an organization or any other entity with of proof of the transaction that they have entered into with another party. It is also important in the decision making or strategic part of an organization. Kept records prevent data anomalies or inconsistencies, this is key on the part of those making decision for the company, if a department within an organization has managed to keep good track of what they have done or have not done it becomes easier for them to make decisions based on those records. Everybody in the organization is partially responsible for managing records in the organization. Employees have a responsibility to make sure that all their transactions with external parties related to the organization are kept recorded and stored electronically. However, the records manager or information officer is tasked with managing the records for the whole organization together with his/her team. The records manager is also responsible for drawing up policies that articulate the aims of his/her department to the rest of the organization. This is to make sure that everyone within the organization knows how to handle information and is also knowledgeable on the legal and corporate standards associated with records management. Outline an electronic records management cycle. I have identified four phases to the records management life cycle, with the understanding that there possibly could be more that can be identified or less. The first being: Creation. This entails the part of the cycle when records are being created or being received. The second part is: Active Records: these are records that are needed frequently. They are retrieved at least one per or month or as frequently as weekly, so these types of records are stored on readily accessible databases. The third part is: Semi-Active/Inactive Records: Semi active records are not needed for day-to-day business. Organizations need to keep them for referrals for legal reasons, of for financial reasons. They are not used often enough to warrant or justify their being stored in primary record centres. Semi-active records are often stored at a lower cost in a records centre. The fourth part being: Final disposition: The final disposition is the action that takes place when records have no more value to an organization. This phase can include physical destruction of the records of transfer of the records to the custody of an external body. What do you see as user interactions with the records? The user of the records is in the first place a part of the creation process of a particular record. Their input to the process is the relationship they have with the organization. The degree to which they interact with the records depends on the context and meaning of the relationship to an organization. Users of course could range from customers to employees. Employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interaction with record should include them maintaining the records that they have created and updating them if necessary. A customer to an organization interacts with his/her record when they need to consult the business about the transaction they had with that particular business. What is an ERDMS and what are the benefits you see ERDMS bringing to your organization? An ERDMS is an Electronic Records and Documents Management System that is used for managing and storing records digitally. It is used to effectively manage paper and electronic records and documents. The benefits of such a system can in oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view be separated from individual to organization. For the individual it can mean a quicker and more convenient discovery and access to information. An improved administrative efficiency and effectiveness. It could also mean the facilitation of evidence based information decision making. For the organization it could translate into secure and systematic management of unstructured data such as emails, documents and spreadsheets. And also efficiency gains with improved quality and consistency of organizational processes. Another benefit that one sees for the organization making use of this system is that there can be an enhancement of a recordkeeping culture in other words this best practice can be institutionalized to the whole of the organization. There can also be a reduction in records lost, and reduction in legal liability to exposure. An ability to integrate core business applications with core business applications with the ERDMS can enable improved records capture through automation. List the ERDMS functionalities and briefly describe each functionality indicating its importance? Functionality (a): What is stored? On these systems electronic files such as word processing documents, spreadsheets, multimedia materials etc are stored. Functionality (b): What end users can do? End users can create new documents which may or may not be records. They can also save files with limited metadata related to business functions. Functionality (c): Access and use Users can retrieve stored files. They can also receive action files accordance with workflow processes and also edit files and select whether to save as a new version or ne w document Functionality (d): Disposal. The users of the files can delete them when they do not serve any corporate or legal purpose their department or the whole organization.

Creons Role in Antigone :: Creon as tragic figure

Creon in the play of Antigone by Sophocles plays a major role within the play. Antigone also plays an important role, as these two character’s conflicting views led to utter disaster, which highlights Creon as a tragic figure. Within the play Creon attempted to establish decisions for the common good; however, his decisions resulted in tragedy. Creon highlighted as the tragic figure, initially created decisions he thought was for the welfare and well-being of Thebes; however, Antigone, who rebelled against Creon’s decisions, caused Creon’s rage to cloud his rational way of thinking. When Creon decided to forbid the burial of Polynices, as he believed Polynices was a traitor to Thebes, Antigone was outraged. This decision, viewed through the eyes of Creon, was just and fair; on the other hand, Antigone viewed his decision as cruel and selfish, which resulted into a major conflict between these two characters. When Antigone disobeyed his proclamation, Creon became infuriated towards this rebellious act. Those small events within the play expressed Creon as a ruler doing what he believes is right; on the other hand, Antigone’s rebellion expressed otherwise. Antigone was soon shown to cause an evil spark within Creon. This â€Å"spark† caused Creon to intensify his punishments towards Antigone, which in turn caused a chain reaction of events and eventually led to his tragic decline. Being portrayed as a menacing villain throughout the play, Creon began as an honorable man; however, overwhelming events and confrontations caused Creon to evolve in to this monstrous figure. This play, Antigone, was titled after one of the play’s main characters; however, the title could have been â€Å"Creon†, due to Creon’s influence throughout the play. Creon was a major influence to the play’s plot as it involves Creon within a majority of the scenes, from beginning to end. Throughout the play Creon’s tragic countdown is expressed, beginning with him as king of Thebes to the death of his beloved family. Antigone is merely portrayed as a rebellious nephew, as she consistently defies Creon. Antigone is expressed within the play consistently; however, the play portrays decisions proclaimed by Creon, which displays Creon’s tragic flow. Being titled â€Å"Antigone†, does not accurately express the play’s content as Creon’s tragic fate is actually being described and represented.

Essay on Minorities in Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon essays

Minorities within Minorities in Song of Solomon    In a study about minorities, the groups that are differing from the dominant culture are seen as homogeneous. But, if we look deeper into the groups, we can see that there are distinctions among the minorities concerning lifestyle and social status. In Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon the author provides examples in the background of the story that shows people with differential identities of the general identity of the minority group.    The character Macon Dead and his family is represented as differing from the society they live in with their social status. They are rich and try to live like white people. It is important for Macon Dead to have a good impression on other people. Since he had to face a lot of difficulties as a child because of his race he wants to be as rich as possible to gain respect. These ambitions cause him to split ways with his sister Pilate, as we see in this part of the novel:    "Why can't you dress like a woman?"... "...What are you trying to make me look like in this town?" He trembled with the thought of the white men in the bank- the men who helped him buy and mortgage houses- discovering that this raggedy bootlegger was his sister. That the propertied Negro who handled his business so well and who lived in the big house on Not Doctor Street had a sister who had a daughter but no husband, and that daughter had a daughter but no husband. (20)    We see from this passage how important for Macon Dead the thoughts about him by others is important; especially the thoughts of white people. He already believes that he has a good impression on those people. "In 1936 there were very few among them who lived as well as Macon Dead" (32... ...anest unhung niggers in the world (270).    As we know from the end of the novel, Milkman will have all his feelings changed during his stay in the town: "He was curious about these people. He didn't feel close them, but he did feel connected, as though there was some cord or pulse or information they shared. Back home he had never felt that way, as though he belonged to anyplace or anybody" (293).    Song of Solomon provides an example of a minority with a minority. It is clear that social status is a factor in alienating people from the society.    Works Cited: Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Views: Toni Morrison. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 1990. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: The Penguin Group, 1977. Peterson, Nancy J. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997.

Existentialism Vs. Determinism Essay -- essays research papers

Free Will   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Analyzing our individual free will can be very intriguing and can almost reach the point of being paradoxical. Ultimately, free will determines the level of responsibility we claim for our actions. Obviously, if outside forces determine our choices, we cannot be held responsible for our actions. However, if our choices are made with total freedom than certainly we must claim responsibility for our choices and actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The readings I chose offered two quite opposite theories on individual human freedom, determinism vs. existentialism. In comparing these two theories the contrasts are quite outstanding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evidently, some philosophers felt that human beings did not really have a free will. This view, defined as determinism held that certain casual laws rule what occurs in the universe. There are two major forms of determinism, including hard determinism and soft determinism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hard determinism taught that each of our actions is determined by factors beyond our control such as heredity and environment. From this point of view there can be no real moral responsibility for our actions if our actions were determined by factors beyond our cont...

Ohio Permits Test

As per Ohio's child restraint law, children who are under the age of four and weigh less than 40 pounds must be properly restrained in an approved child safety seat.  If a car approaches you with bright headlights, you must look toward the right edge of the road, to prevent being temporarily blinded.  When you vehicle starts to skid in winter due to icy road conditions, you must turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid.   You must maintain a safe stopping distance between you and the vehicle ahead by following the four- second rule. On one-way roads, yellow lines are used as: left-edge lines Passing on the left is not permitted within:   100 feet of a bridge, viaduct or tunnel When you are closely following another vehicle at night, you must use: low-beam headlights When you intend to turn, you must give the turn signal at least__________before the actual turn. 100 feet This sign with two arrows allows:   vehicles from either direction to make a left turn On one-way streets, the driver may park a vehicle parallel to and not more than__________ from the right or left curb.   25 inches This sign in construction zones indicates: a flag person If your vehicle stalls while on the tracks and a train is approaching, you must:   get out of the vehicle and run as far away from the tracks as you can When you are approached by an emergency vehicle displaying flashing lights and an audible signal, you must: immediately drive to a position parallel to the right edge or curb of the road or highway and stop It is against the law to make a left turn on red light EXCEPT: from one one-way street to another You are allowed to drive in the left lane of the highway in all of the following situations, except: * when moving slower than the posted speed limit You must use headlights when natural light conditions do not make it possible to clearly see objects __________ ahead. * 1000 feet * On a multiple-lane roadway with several lanes in one direction, you must use_________ for passing. * the middle and left lanes All regulatory devices on the road instruct you: * to stop, proceed in a certain direction, or limit your speed * Because of their size trucks/buses often need to move ________to make right turns. * to the left lane * __________ are zones around a truck or a heavy vehicle where other vehicles disappear into blind spots. No-zones When is it legal to pass another vehicle using the shoulder of a road? * You are not legally allowed to pass using the shoulder of a road * The driver of the car being passed must _________ until the pass is complete. * not increase speed * A barrier of grass, concrete or other material separating two roadways, including interstate highways is known as: * a median * When you encounter a yellow arrow signal while turning left at an intersection, you must: * clear the intersection quickly Which of the following situations are ideal for overtaking and passing another vehicle on the right? when the vehicle you are passing is making or about to make a left turn * Black on orange signs on a highway identify: * specific information and directions to drivers in work zones * To avoid a head-on collision when you see an oncoming vehicle in your lane, you must: * steer right toward the shoulder or curb-line * A vehicle's stopping distance is equal to: * the sum of the braking distance and reaction distance * When you meet a truck coming from the opposite direction, keep as far as possible to the side to avoid a sideswipe accident and to reduce the wind turbulence between the two vehicles. High-beams reflect off rain, fog and falling snow. This makes it even harder for you to see where you are going. For better visibility during these weather conditions, keep your vehicle's headlights on low-beam. * A broken white line separates two lanes travelling in the same direction. Once you have signaled and if it is safe to do so, you may cross this line when changing lanes. * If your vehicle is hit from the side, your body will be thrown toward the side that is hit. When a vehicle is struck from the side, it quickly moves sideways.Everything in the car that is not secured, including the driver and passengers, will slide toward the point of crash, not away from it. * On approaching the modern roundabout, yield to vehicles and bicyclists within the circulating roadway. Look to your left to see if there is an appropriate gap in traffic. If one is not available, you may need to stop. Always enter the roundabout to the right and proceed on the right side of the central island * Aggressive driving is the operation of a motor vehicle in a manner that endangers or is likely to endanger persons or property.If you notice a driver behind you repeatedly flashing headlights, you should not retaliate or in any way engage the other driver. Get out of the way. * When two vehicle s meet on a steep mountain road where neither can pass, the vehicle traveling downhill must yield the right-of-way by backing up until the vehicle going uphill can pass. The vehicle facing downhill has the greater amount of control when backing. * You must never begin to cross railroad tracks unless the tracks can be cleared without stopping. Never shift gears while crossing. When making a U-turn, drivers must yield the right-of-way to oncoming vehicles and pedestrians. You should never make a U-turn on a curve in the road or when approaching the crest of a hill or grade. * Large flashing or sequencing arrow panels may be used in work zones both day and night to guide drivers into certain traffic lanes and to inform them that part of the road or street ahead is closed. * If you are approached by an emergency vehicle in a roundabout, you must not stop or pull over for the emergency vehicle.You should continue on and exit as normal, then pull to the right, so there is room for the eme rgency vehicle to pass. * If the traffic signal is not operating or is malfunctioning, treat the intersection as a four way stop. The driver must come to a complete stop before moving further. * Avoid driving next to other vehicles on multi-lane roads. Someone may crowd your lane or try to change lanes and pull into you * Motorcyclists need a full lane width like other vehicles. Car drivers should never move into the same lane with a motorcycle, even if the lane is wide and the cyclist is riding to one side. An interchange is the connection of a freeway to a road or another freeway by a series of ramps. The connecting roadways allow you to leave one road and enter another safely, without disrupting the flow of traffic. * You may pass on the right only when the vehicle ahead is making a left turn or going straight. You must not pass when another vehicle is making a right turn. * When you turn your head to check the blind spots, make sure you keep the steering wheel straight; people h ave a natural tendency to turn their arms in the same direction as their head turns.

Children can’t be disciples so they can’t be Christians either Essay

In this piece of coursework l am going to give reasons both for and against why children can’t be disciples, and so they can’t be Christians either. Many people don’t know what age children turn into adults. So when l am talking about children l will regard them as any age up until 16 years old.  I believe that in ‘baptism we are called’ and ‘by confirmation we are sent.’ When we are called to be baptised we are being called to join God’s family and to be a disciple, as we are asked to be a follower of God and his teachings. As children we start our journeys of faith at our baptisms, therefore we are learning about God and his teaching making us become disciples. We learn about moral behaviour, which will later influence us on our adult lives and also through reading and church. We can learn to be more confident and stand up to peer pressure and what we believe in.  But however other people agree that if you want to be a true disciple you must give up a lot (cost) and follow what Jesus told us to do. But you don’t have a lot to give up at such a young age in life. The church states that children reach the full age of reason at 7 years old and so it could be at that age that they could fully understand they’re beliefs for the church more clearly and maybe give up pocket money or sweets to follow to be a disciple. Children can’t do that as they can’t preach and teach as Jesus had asked his disciples to do. Instead children can pray, give to charity and learn about there Christian responsibilities. It shows that children do take care in their faith, by many saints that are disciples at a young age. There was Saint Bernadette; she was only 14 when Our Lady first appeared to her. And there was Saint thersa of Liseux she was 15 when she entered the convent and Jesus was only 12 when he began teaching in the temple. Although the saints were only children when they became disciples, they were not scared of their faith, and they believed in it.  In Mark 10:13-16 it shows Jesus telling the disciples to let the children come to him, not to stop them, as they belong to the kingdom of God. There are many things that we can do in school to be a good disciple such as: help with assemblies, charity work, Bible reading etc. Most people don’t want to do these things as children can become embarrassed about they’re faith, but in the end they feel good.  I disagree with the heading. I believe that anyone, even children can be disciples as long as they can commit themselves to God, through prayer, mass etc. I myself don’t attend church as much as l should. But l hope one-day l will. After all the ‘seeds of today are the flowers of tomorrow.’ As the seeds grow so does our faith.

Token Economy

Leadership Model Jim Forrest was a skilled professional in related issues managing in substance abuse. Forrest had the opportunity to utilize his abilities as a lead in a mental health center. Forrest began his search for new employees by interviewing each person the same. Forrest talked to each candidate in the same style rather than finding out their strengths and weaknesses so he would have a better idea of where to place them to assist with client care. Although Forrest noticed positive change in client care, he also noticed concerns with his employees slowly surfacing.Forrest began to question his professional relationship with each member of his staff. It is important to recognize leadership comes in various styles to provide applicable direction to accomplish specific objectives in the workplace. Supervisory leadership must discuss the task and goals set for the organization clearly to its employees. Contingency Theory believes individuals are different; therefore there is not one way that is the best way of leading a team. Contingency Theory takes a look at the bigger picture that contains dynamics about supervisory leadership skill and other variables within the circumstances.Success of any organization is influenced by a variety of reasons, one of which is leadership style. One style of leadership may not be appropriate in some cases, however may be best in others. Supervisory Process There are 4 main steps in the supervisory process. The first is the beginning phase of the purpose of the supervisor. One of the elements of this process is obtaining reviews from staff and discussing concerns and ideas to make working together more productive (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, Chapter 7, 2007).In case 7, Jim did not get feedback from his new staff about the implementation of the token economy. The middle phase of the process is the stage where Jim should have realized that his way was not working for everyone; he should have been open minded and ready to make ch anges when concerns were voiced to him, instead he thought that giving them freedom to make their own schedules they should be following the way he wanted things to be done.At this point Jim should have discussed issues and created an action plan. Jim is now in the facilitative confrontation phase (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, Chapter 7, 2007), problems have began to surface and Jim hears complaining, with the incident of no one being there when he needed Jim will need to sit and discuss his role with the staff and their issues with the way things are being ran.The transition phase is when changes are made (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, Chapter 7, 2007). If Jim follows through with the confrontation phase, he may be ready to compromise token economy and focus on rules and regulations to get everyone on the same page to productively help clients. Reference Lewis, J. A. , Packard, T. , & Lewis, M. D. (2007). Management of Human Service Programs (4th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoe nix eBook Collection database..

Nelson Mandela’s Leadership Essay

In a racially divided South Africa, Nelson Mandela emerged as a great leader. He joined the African National Congress (ANC) to lead a movement whose main goal is to eradicate apartheid. (Racial separation). He promoted peaceful protests to meet that goal; however, when the ruling party banned the ANC, he set a military wing within the ANC to take the resistance against the Apartheid to a new level where he had no choice other than using violence. His actions landed him in prison for nearly three decades. He led secret negotiations with the ruling party while he was in prison aimed at dismantling the apartheid policies. Such negotiations, which resulted in his release in 1990, went on years later to bring an end to Apartheid. In 1994, he became the first black president of South Africa, forming a multiethnic government to oversee the country’s transition to a new era of democracy (1). In 1999, he decided to retire from politics, but has not retired yet from promoting peace and social justice in South Africa as well as around the world. So, Nelson Mandela stood out as a great leader due to his leadership styles, his charismatic leadership, ethical leadership and his leadership power. Leadership attitudes and styles of Nelson Mandela: Nelson Mandela developed â€Å"a strong relationship-oriented behavior, which contributed to his participative leadership style† (2). He learned from his guardian, when he was observing him presiding over tribal meetings, to listen to all sides of argument before venturing his opinion. It was his firsthand experience of how to lead from behind (9). He always remembers the regent’s axiom. He said:† A leader is like a shepherd. He stays behind the flock, letting the most nimble go out ahead, whereupon the others follow, not realizing that all along they are being directed from behind.†(Long walk to freedom3). Mandela’s leadership success is attributed to his use of consensus. He inspired his followers and gained their commitment to fight in the sake of abolishing apartheid when he was the leader of the ANC. He used the same participative leadership as president by forming a multiethnic government that includes the people who tortured him for 27 years. Throughout his battle against apartheid and helping to bring democracy to South Africa, Mandela adopted a democratic leadership style. According to  Johnson and Johnson (2006), â€Å"Democratic leaders set policies through group discussion and decision, encouraging and helping group members to interact, requesting the cooperation of others† (4). Mandela believed in the value of the democratic process, even though he did not always initially agree with the results. Some of his unsuccessful pursuits included when he tried during his imprisonment to have prisoners addressed more respectfully by guards, and later when he attempted to have the national voting age lowered to 14 (4). Charismatic leadership: Nelson Mandela influential power stems largely from his charismatic leadership characterized by a compelling vision for the future, his willingness to take a risk for the sake of the well-being of his country, and the sense of forgiveness he demonstrated towards his enemy. Nelson Mandela was a visionary leader who articulated an idealized vision of a future that is significantly better than the present. He envisioned a South Africa where apartheid would finally abolished and everyone should live without worrying to be discriminated against based on race or color. It was this vision of a free and democratic South Africa that sustained him through the darkest days in prison. The same vision has changed the governance in South Africa and made him the first black president of South Africa. Due to the same vision South Africa became the first African country to host the world soccer cup in 2010. He inspired people by his courage and passion. Mandela knew that the risk he was taking was enormous, and the consequences could be devastating to him as well to the well-being of his family. He took the risk of setting a military wing within the ANC to combat the oppressive regime knowing that he will be the first one that the ruling party would target After becoming a president in 1994, he decided to forgive the people who tortured him for nearly three decades. Through this act, he demonstrated the the kind of charismatic qualities he possessed. . Mandela acquired the respect and love of many citizens upon his release from prison, as it was inspiring to the nation that someone could â€Å"emerge from such hardship and humiliation and talk of forgiveness and reconciliation with the enemies who caused†¦suffering† (5). He used his servant leadership style to promote peace outside South Africa; he promoted reconciliation over retaliation to pave the way for progress and prosperity in the neighboring African countries. (6) Ethical leadership Mandela had strong ethical values through having a heart and soul of leadership by consistently promoting peaceful protests rather resorting to violence. From an early age, he was inspired to study law with the intention of defending black South Africans against the ruling party’s unfair treatment. Nelson Mandela as a lawyer voluntarily represented many detainees under the ANC. (Denenberg, 1995). (7) Leadership power Specialized skills and knowledge gave Mandela expert power to be an influential figure. He graduated with law degree and huge political experiences gained when he was the leader of ANC. He utilized his knowledge to communicate with others prisoners who viewed him as a reference for any course of action within the prison such as hunger strike to get better living conditions.(8) Also, Mandela inspired his followers by utilizing referent power, which was closely linked to his traits of trustworthiness and integrity. With his own lofty personality of charismatic leader, skills and knowledge, Mandela become a famous figure, which brought him a â€Å"prestige power† that he uses to promote social justice all over the world such as raising charities to overcome the poverty. Conclusion: Nelson Mandela lived up to his quotation when he said: â€Å"it is better to lead from behind and to put others in front, especially when you celebrate victory when nice things occur. You take the front line when there is a danger. Then people will appreciate your leadership†. It’s clear that Mandela stood in favor of involving his followers in the decision making process. He was always endeavored to listen to what each person has to say before he gives his opinion, which is often a consensus of what he heard in the conversation. That’s how he led from behind. He took the front and put his life as well as the life of his family at risk to free the black South African from the oppression of a white minority regime. Because he understood that unless that risk is taken, the unfair treatment against the native South African will continue forever. Works Cited 5- Bill Clinton & Archbishop Desmond TuTu, 2006, Mandela: The authorized portrait, Andrews Mcmeel Publishing, Kansas City 1-Denenberg, Barry. Nelson Mandela: No easy walk to freedom. New York: Scholastic Inc, 2005. Print. 6- Denenberg, Barry. Nelson Mandela: No easy walk to freedom. New York: Scholastic Inc, 2005. Print 3-Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, F.P. (2006). Joining together group theory and group skills (9th Ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. 8-le, thai. â€Å"leadership style: Nelson Mandela Vs. Adolf Hitler†. Articlecell. Articlecell,n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. 7-Mandela, N (1965) No Easy Walk to Freedom. Penguin Books Ltd, London, England. 2-â€Å"Nelson Mandela – Biography†. Nobelprize.org. 27 Mar 2013 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html 4-Stengel, Richard. â€Å"Mandela: His 8 Lessons of leadership†.Time.com. â€Å"N.p.† 09 July.2008.Web. 25 Mar. 2013.

Arthur Black

In his essay Canadian Passion Not Flagging, Black talks about how the Americans wave their flag and Canadians do not. Americans have their flag everywhere; hanging inside malls, and even at the gas stations. In his essay Canada: Too Polite to Live, it says how the American Declaration of Independence demands life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Canadians have settled for peace, order, and good government. Another difference between Americans and Canadians according to Arthur Black is that the Americans know much more about their countries history than Canadians know about theirs. Toronto is definitely not one of Arthur Black’s favourite places to be. He explains in the essay Toronto: Not Quite Ready for Prime Time, Black says how â€Å"it doesn’t have the easy beauty of Vancouver, or the joire de vivre of Montreal. It lacks the architectural grace of Ottawa and the mountainscape backdrop of Calgary†. Black says it feels fast, brittle, cold, and arrogant, and that it is all about money. He says how Torontonians do not look like they are having a good time, and at sporting events the fans are much quieter than other cities in Canada. Arthur Black also says how Toronto people do not really care about the meaning of things; they just want it to be productive. Black says how they think ‘The Rock’ (massive slab of Muskoka granite) is a waste of space in the downtown park. It is pointless and they would rather have something there that would make money. Toronto would not be the place Arthur would choose to live in for the rest of his life. Arthur Black would define Canada as a lot of things. He says how Canadians don’t know their own national anthem, and in the article O Cana-a-do (re, mi) Arthur talks about how if a Canadian is accused of being an American, they will fight until it is proven otherwise. Also, to be Canadian, it is almost a must to have an interest in hockey. Hockey is the one sport Canada can safely say they are the best at. People from Canada know a different level of cold than places like the USA. In the article A Samaritan with Jumper Cables, Black says how â€Å"this aint a country; this is winter. † Also in that article, he tells some stories about how polite and kind people from Canada are and how if the car spun off the road or ran out of gas, Canadians would be there to help right away. Arthur Black’s main classification of Canada is polite, and that is most likely the rest of the world’s opinion also. Your Canada Winter in Canada is much different than winter in other countries. For one, it is much longer. Winter lasts about six to eight months, and it can be unbearably cold. The days are significantly shorter than summer, which makes it that much harder to wake up for the day at school or at work. Having to shovel the driveway isn’t Canadians favorite pastime at seven in the morning when they are going to be late for work. Also what needs to be taken into account is making sure the car is plugged in during the night. When that is forgotten in the cold days of winter, it is pretty hard to get anywhere because no car would start if it was sitting outside. The season of winter in Canada isn’t all bad though, it is very pretty at times. Waking up and looking out the window to a fresh blanket of snow is one of the greatest sights for a Canadian. Also, sitting by the fire place with it white outside, drinking a warm cup of cocoa is the best on a snowy day. Winter for Canadians also means hockey. Whether it is hockey in a rink or shinny on a frozen pond, Canadians love their hockey. For many Canadians, being active in winter is an important part of enjoying life. There are many other outdoor winter activities, including skiing, ice fishing, walking, skating and tobogganing, amongst others. Winter also means Christmas. Christmas is the longest break for students in school, so it is a much anticipated holiday. It seems like everyone is in a much better mood when Christmas is coming, it might be because they get to see family and they get time to put up their feet and relax. Sometimes people from other countries will ask â€Å"how do you tell people apart when they bundle themselves with a winter jacket†, but the truth is, that’s exactly how to tell people apart. People around the city get to know what jacket others have, and that becomes their identity. It sure saves a lot of time picking out an outfit to wear for the day when a winter jacket ends up covering it up anyways. The cold winter days are also a great time to catch up on the missed TV shows. In the summer, there is always something to do because the days are bright so long. In winter, it gets dark at around six, which leaves plenty of time to catch up on favorite TV seasons. Canadians are winter experts and know how to make it the best it can possibly be. Arthur Black In his essay Canadian Passion Not Flagging, Black talks about how the Americans wave their flag and Canadians do not. Americans have their flag everywhere; hanging inside malls, and even at the gas stations. In his essay Canada: Too Polite to Live, it says how the American Declaration of Independence demands life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Canadians have settled for peace, order, and good government. Another difference between Americans and Canadians according to Arthur Black is that the Americans know much more about their countries history than Canadians know about theirs. Toronto is definitely not one of Arthur Black’s favourite places to be. He explains in the essay Toronto: Not Quite Ready for Prime Time, Black says how â€Å"it doesn’t have the easy beauty of Vancouver, or the joire de vivre of Montreal. It lacks the architectural grace of Ottawa and the mountainscape backdrop of Calgary†. Black says it feels fast, brittle, cold, and arrogant, and that it is all about money. He says how Torontonians do not look like they are having a good time, and at sporting events the fans are much quieter than other cities in Canada. Arthur Black also says how Toronto people do not really care about the meaning of things; they just want it to be productive. Black says how they think ‘The Rock’ (massive slab of Muskoka granite) is a waste of space in the downtown park. It is pointless and they would rather have something there that would make money. Toronto would not be the place Arthur would choose to live in for the rest of his life. Arthur Black would define Canada as a lot of things. He says how Canadians don’t know their own national anthem, and in the article O Cana-a-do (re, mi) Arthur talks about how if a Canadian is accused of being an American, they will fight until it is proven otherwise. Also, to be Canadian, it is almost a must to have an interest in hockey. Hockey is the one sport Canada can safely say they are the best at. People from Canada know a different level of cold than places like the USA. In the article A Samaritan with Jumper Cables, Black says how â€Å"this aint a country; this is winter. † Also in that article, he tells some stories about how polite and kind people from Canada are and how if the car spun off the road or ran out of gas, Canadians would be there to help right away. Arthur Black’s main classification of Canada is polite, and that is most likely the rest of the world’s opinion also. Your Canada Winter in Canada is much different than winter in other countries. For one, it is much longer. Winter lasts about six to eight months, and it can be unbearably cold. The days are significantly shorter than summer, which makes it that much harder to wake up for the day at school or at work. Having to shovel the driveway isn’t Canadians favorite pastime at seven in the morning when they are going to be late for work. Also what needs to be taken into account is making sure the car is plugged in during the night. When that is forgotten in the cold days of winter, it is pretty hard to get anywhere because no car would start if it was sitting outside. The season of winter in Canada isn’t all bad though, it is very pretty at times. Waking up and looking out the window to a fresh blanket of snow is one of the greatest sights for a Canadian. Also, sitting by the fire place with it white outside, drinking a warm cup of cocoa is the best on a snowy day. Winter for Canadians also means hockey. Whether it is hockey in a rink or shinny on a frozen pond, Canadians love their hockey. For many Canadians, being active in winter is an important part of enjoying life. There are many other outdoor winter activities, including skiing, ice fishing, walking, skating and tobogganing, amongst others. Winter also means Christmas. Christmas is the longest break for students in school, so it is a much anticipated holiday. It seems like everyone is in a much better mood when Christmas is coming, it might be because they get to see family and they get time to put up their feet and relax. Sometimes people from other countries will ask â€Å"how do you tell people apart when they bundle themselves with a winter jacket†, but the truth is, that’s exactly how to tell people apart. People around the city get to know what jacket others have, and that becomes their identity. It sure saves a lot of time picking out an outfit to wear for the day when a winter jacket ends up covering it up anyways. The cold winter days are also a great time to catch up on the missed TV shows. In the summer, there is always something to do because the days are bright so long. In winter, it gets dark at around six, which leaves plenty of time to catch up on favorite TV seasons. Canadians are winter experts and know how to make it the best it can possibly be.

Explain the Benefits of Gaining International Business Experience and Essay

Explain the Benefits of Gaining International Business Experience and Working as an Expat - Essay Example It will help in understanding cross cultural situations and will eventually contribute to the native country’s cultural competence by making it more competitive and booming in the global marketplace. Benefits are offered to a worker depending upon the region in which a person is operating. A person working in some parts of Europe might not get the same benefits which would be offered in Middle East. Some of the most common benefits which are offered in most of the countries include the following. Many employers offer their employees a 30 day paid vacation. Individuals working at some senior status positions often get 40 days paid vacation. The benefits of vacation vary depending upon the size and status of family i.e., married, single or family. Most positions outside the native country offer a â€Å"Yearly Contract Completion Bonus†. Employers held this type of bonus in escrow and paid to their employee when they re-patriate to their home country. Most of the positions offer transportation allowance to facilitate their employees. Others also furnish the automobiles. Generally, furnishing a car is primarily for those employees who are at sales positions or senior level. While working as an expatriate, some companies offer other benefits which include incentive bonuses, child education, perks, performance increases etc. All benefits are explicated by the recruiting staff of the relevant company. Richard Fearon. "Financial director."  Why getting international experience matters  . 28th November 2010. Web. 10th September 2012.

Dialogue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Dialogue - Essay Example The conversation progresses as they debate about the attitudes rampant in the society regarding social networking sites. Goffman: The craze is not just limited to the youth. Adults are equally involved in the promulgation of this trend. Most of my colleagues at my office are often using these sites during their free time. In fact, I have seen some of them so obsessed with them that they keep them opened in the Internet browser even when they are working on office assignments. Giddens: Yes, true but what amazes me the most is their surprise when they find out that I am not a member of any social networking site. I have often found myself in heated conversations with them and to be honest comrades, this has given me some interesting insights into their perceptions about social interaction. I am incredulous at the explanations that they have to offer in defense of these sites and how they help them socialize. Bauman: I have encountered the same attitude at my workplace as well. Social networking sites are considered to be the holy grail of cyber socialization. My colleagues who do not know me well often misjudge me for being unsocial and conservative for not having a profile on these sites. Friends, this came as a surprise to me when I first heard this view but people regard these sites to be a very good way of fostering friendships with acquaintances and getting to know other people well. This has led me to believe that social networking sites have completely transformed the way people perceive friendship. Bauman: In my view, it is the concept of liquid life and liquid modernity that is the underlying cause of such an attitude shift. Liquid life and liquid modernity are intricately tied to each other. Liquid life is the life that one has in a liquid modern society. For me, a liquid modern society is one where people do not get time to develop habits. It is characteristic of conditions under which people

Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Death Penalty - Essay Example The theorization of capital punishment has shown a great favor to its status as a deterrent to crime. Scholars like Emile Durkheim and Foucault have put emphasis on punishment as well as capital punishment as deterrent to crime. Some recent empirical studies also show evidences of the deterrent effects of the capital punishment on the crime rate in a country. But opponents of capital punishment argue that though death-penalty has deterrent effects they are negligible, as it is claimed in a report, â€Å"The death penalty in the U.S. is an enormously expensive and wasteful program with no clear benefits† (Death Penalty Information Center). Meanwhile, opponents of the capital punishment often refer to the high crime rate in the United State as evidences of ineffectiveness of this death-penalty as a deterrent. Indeed this high rate of capital-punishment deserving crimes does not necessarily require that it should be abolished. If it is supposed that it should be abolished because of the high rate, other forms of punishments also should be abolished. Indeed such arguments are some sorts of blubbery. ... Taking an ethical decision becomes more difficult when it is revealed that a number of the death deserving crimes are committed driven by anger, or by other emotional convulsions. The opponents often claim that death penalty is not the least effective, since most of the murderers think that they will be able evade this punishment, as the Police Chief of Los Angels, Willie L. Williams says, â€Å"I am not convinced that capital punishment, in and of itself, is a deterrent to crime because most people do not think about the death penalty before they commit a violent or capital crime† (â€Å"Fact Sheet†). Indeed such claim does not necessarily prove that death penalty is not a deterrent, rather it indicates to the glaring faults of law enforcing agencies that convince a would-be murderer to belief that they are evadable. Indeed the high rate of crimes and murders in the United States has its root not in the ineffectiveness of the capital punishment, rather in its faults of enforcement. A comparative statistics on the executions and the incidences of murders shows that â€Å"only about 110 death-sentences are handed out for the more than 17000 reported murders that occur every year† (Class Text). In fact, such statistic shows that the vast majority of the unpunished murderers will be examples for those who want to commit murder. Even though death penalty has a deterrent effect on the majority of the common people, it is only the face-value of the scheme and policy of keeping people away from committing murder. While materializing death-penalty effectively, any policy against crimes like homicides and murders should include other socio-cultural, religious and even economic deterrents. According to Foucault, social disciplinary institutions can play a significant role lessening

POLICE SCIENCE, 2 page Criteak Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

POLICE SCIENCE, 2 page Criteak - Essay Example For example in the issue of child brides where the majority of which are seen in India, studies show that women in these countries are wed or engaged as children as part of their custom and traditions. Because it is a local custom, this abuse is seen not only among women children but even among males who are married before the age of ten. Even if there were missing data from some countries, the report was able to show the current issues faced by children and women in terms of violence and abuse. These countries that had no data provided such as China which has the largest population in the world and have a one-child policy may have declined giving data. There is also a recommendation to improve the gathering of data in these countries in order to strengthen the cases of reported abuse among children in these regions. Poverty was also targeted as the cause for the majority of children not being registered at birth in South Asia. This non-registration according to the report makes these children ineligible for basic rights such as voting, going to school or getting passports.

Physical Architecture Layer Design Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physical Architecture Layer Design - Coursework Example It involves the plan for the hardware and software used in the system, security of the system, communication infrastructure and global support. It is at the physical layer architecture design that a decision on the type of physical architecture of the system is made. The architecture can be chosen from server-based, client-based or client –server architectures depending on the system to be designed. Architectural components The components of a physical layer can be widely grouped in two categories, mainly hardware and software (application). Hardware components may include the computers (clients and the servers) and the network used in the system while the software components comprise data storage, data access logic, application logic and presentation logic. Software components are as vital for the running of the system as the hardware.(Wixom, 12) Among its many functions are: data storage; achieved by documenting data in the CRC cards, presentation of the information to the u ser while accepting the user commands through the application logic and processing needed to access data like database queries through data access logic. The hardware components on the hand include the physical computers and the networks connecting the computers to form a distributed system. The computers can either be sever or client. Different arrangement of the computers gives different physical architectures. Physical architectures Physical architectures are composed of clients (I/O hardware used by user, PCs and terminals), servers (mainframes, minis or micros) and network (hardware and software to connect client to server) and are grouped in three categories namely client based, server based and client server based. (Denis, 2) In Server based architecture, the server performs all the four application functions presentation logic, data access logic, application logic and data storage. The client only need basic hardware like the monitor and keyboard to communicate with the serv er. Upgrading this type of architecture can be quite expensive beside the fact that the server can become overloaded since the server does everything which may result to system failure. (Kendall, 8) As opposed to Server based architecture, in Client based architecture the client does most of the work as the server just deals with data storage functions. All the logic resides in the client computer while data is stored in the server computer. All the data must travel over the network to the server for processing which may lead to a lot of network traffic. This type of architecture is simple to develop but hard to maintain. Client-server architecture is more preferable as compared to server and client based architecture since it balances processing between the client and the server unlike the two other architectures. It is the mostly used architecture in modern system among the three architectures. The client computer mainly deals with the presentation and application logics while dat a access and data storage logics are handled by the server computer. There are two or more tiers available for this architecture depending on the partitioning of the application logics. Scalability is one of the major advantages of client-server archi